基于转录组数据分析药用大黄的密码子使用偏好性

目的研究药用大黄Rheum officinale转录组编码序列的密码子使用特点及其影响因素,为蒽醌类化合物异源合成的载体选择及药用大黄分子进化研究提供理论基础。方法利用perl程序及Codon W软件分析4733条药用大黄转录组编码序列的密码子使用偏好性。结果药用大黄转录组编码序列的GC、GC3平均含量分别为45.6%、44.73%,GC12与GC3存在显著正相关(r=0.215,P0.001);ENc-GC3中性图及偏倚性分析结果显示,大部分基因分布于远离期望曲线和平面中心点,大部分基因分布偏离期望曲线和中心点。通过基因高表达筛选密码子方法确定了29个药用大黄的最优密码子,大多数的最优密码子以U和A结尾。结论突变压力在药用大黄转录组编码序列的密码子使用偏好性形成过程这起到主要作用。     

泽泻高效液相色谱指纹图谱研究

目的用高效液相色谱(HPLC)指纹图谱法评价泽泻的质量。方法以泽泻醇A24-乙酸酯峰为参照峰,用HPLC法建立指纹图谱,数据用中药色谱指纹图谱相似度评价系统(2004 A版)分析处理。结果 10批药材的HPLC指纹图谱与对照指纹图谱的相似度均在0.9以上。结论产地不同的中药材的质量有差异,所含成分的种类与量不完全一致;HPLC指纹图谱法可为泽泻药材的质量控制提供参考。     

复方夜灵胶囊中大黄素的含量测定

目的:建立复方夜灵胶囊中大黄素的含量测定方法。方法:采用酸水解和氯仿回流提取的方法制备供试液,HPLC法测定复方夜灵胶囊中大黄素的含量,色谱条件为流动相:甲醇-0.2 mol·L~(-1)磷酸二氢钠溶液(80:20,磷酸调节至 pH=3.0),检测波长444nm,流速为1.0 ml·min~(-1)。结果:大黄素的回归方程为 A=-5181.36 55503.53 C,(r=0.999 6),线性范围为0.046～0.152μg,本法的平均回收率为98.25%,RSD 为2.66%。结论:采用本法测定复方夜灵胶囊中大黄素含量操作简便,结果准确、可靠,可作为本品的质量控制标准之一。     

薄层扫描法测定大黄膏中大黄素含量

目的：探讨临床用药情况,为临床合理用药提供依据。方法：采用TLC法测定大黄膏中大黄素含量,结果：大黄膏中大黄素的百分含量为0．155％－0．158％,结论：本法结果可靠,简单易行,可作为本品质量控制标准。     

肾康福液对大鼠慢性肾功能衰竭的预防、治疗作用和Ⅱ期临床试验

目的 :探讨肾康福液预防和治疗慢性肾功能衰竭 (肾衰 )的疗效。方法 :2 4只慢性肾衰大鼠模型随机分为 4组 :(1)空白对照组不给任何药物仅灌同容积水 ;(2 )阳性对照组灌服包醛氧化淀粉水溶液 (0 .5 g·kg- 1) 2mL ,tid ;(3 )治疗组灌服肾康福液 2mL ,tid ;(4)预防组在肾切除前 7d灌服肾康福液 ,剂量同治疗组。疗程均为 18wk。 2 40例慢性肾衰病人随机分为治疗组 12 0例 ,口服肾康福液2 0mL ,tid× 18wk ;对照组 12 0例口服包醛氧化淀粉 5～ 10 g ,tid× 18wk。结果 :肾康福液组大鼠和病人的肌酐、尿素氮、尿蛋白定量均明显下降 (P <0 .0 5 )。 2组临床总有效率分别是 95 .8%及 68.3 %(P <0 .0 5 )。结论 :肾康福液对慢性肾衰大鼠和病人有明显预防和治疗作用。     

正品大黄中34种化学成分的高效液相色谱法定量分析

本文首次报道了应用高效液相色谱仪测定大黄中34种化学成分的方法,并用此法测定三种正品大黄:唐古特大黄(林棵黄)Rheum tanguticum Maxim.ex Balf.,掌叶大黄R.palmatum L.和药用大黄(马蹄大黄)R.foficianle Baill.根和根茎中34种化学成分的含量,包括5种游离蒽醌、12种蒽甙、5种芪甙、3种苯丁酮甙、2种萘酚甙和7种鞣质化合物。结果表明:唐古特大黄含有除蒽醌及其单糖甙外的其他成分最多;其次为掌叶大黄,但掌叶大黄含有的游离蒽醌及其单糖甙最多;药用大黄的根茎,各种成分的含量均最少。     

大黄对实验性糖尿病大鼠肾脏肥大及高滤过作用的影响

肾脏肥大和高滤过是糖尿病肾病出现最早的病理生理特征。本研究利用中药大黄抑制糖尿病的肾脏肥大,试图达到控制其高滤过现象。实验结果表明,大黄能明显地抑制糖尿病肾脏肥大及其组织中蛋白质、DNA含量的增加;大黄治疗组的菊粉清除率明显低于非治疗组;此外,大黄还能使糖尿病血清甘油三酯、胆固醇水平降低。结论:大黄可以通过影响糖尿病肾病肾脏肥大,降低高滤过和纠正血脂代谢紊乱,治疗实验性糖尿病肾病动物模型。     

复方大黄腹膜透析液中5种游离蒽醌含量的HPLC测定

 目的建立复方大黄腹膜透析液中5种游离蒽醌的含量测定方法。方法采用反相高效液相色谱法,LiChroCART HPLC-Kartusche RP-18e(4.6mm×250mm,5μm)色谱柱,流动相为甲醇-0.1%磷酸(85:15),流速1.0mL·min^-1,检测波长225nm。结果方法中5种游离蒽醌平均回收率(n=6)分别为100.9%,RSD=2.21%(大黄素);99.8%,RSD=2.43%(大黄酸);97.3%,RSD=2.25%(芦荟大黄素);100.9%,RSD=1.94%(大黄酚);101.5%,RSD=1.78%(大黄素甲醚)。结论建立了一种操作简便、重现性良好的高效液相色谱法控制复方大黄腹膜透析液中有效成分含量。     

When and How to Treat Agitation in Alzheimer's Disease Dementia With Citalopram and Escitalopram

Agitation is a common neuropsychiatric symptom (NPS) in the early and middle stages of Alzheimer's disease (AD) dementia, which is difficult to treat and causes much distress. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (U.S. FDA) issued black box warnings against the use of antipsychotics in dementia in 2005 and 2008 due to the increased risk of morbidity and mortality, resulting in the reduction in antipsychotic use for treating dementia-related NPS and spurring the quest for safer and more effective pharmacological options. The data favoring the use of citalopram for treating agitation in AD dementia is particularly compelling, and this may be a class effect for all selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors. However, concerns about the cardiac side-effects of citalopram have limited its widespread use for this indication. In this article, available efficacy and safety data for the use of citalopram and escitalopram in treating agitation in AD dementia is reviewed, using a composite case to illustrate key points. Practical recommendations are made to facilitate the use of these medications in routine clinical practice, risk mitigation strategies are discussed and salient issues for future clinical research are emphasized.     

Response of the popliteal artery to treadmill exercise and stress positioning in patients with and without exertional lower extremity symptoms

ObjectiveFunctionally limiting exertional lower extremity pain and neurologic symptoms are commonly encountered in military and civilian settings. Exertional muscle compression of the popliteal artery (PA) and tibial nerve in the proximal calf (the “popliteal outlet”) can be associated with these symptoms but is rarely investigated as a cause. Exertional ankle-brachial index (EABI) and dynamic PA ultrasound imaging may be suitable to screen for this syndrome of “functional” popliteal entrapment, but neither has been rigorously studied. Our objective was to characterize the response of the PA to lower extremity exertion and dynamic ankle positioning in symptomatic and asymptomatic limbs.MethodsLimbs characterized as symptomatic (n = 29) or asymptomatic (n = 61) had duplex ultrasound PA diameter and peak systolic velocity measurements with the ankle neutral and maximally plantar flexed. EABIs were obtained at rest and 1 minute and 5 minutes after walking (5 minutes, 3 mph, 10-degree incline) and running (5 minutes, 6 mph, 0-degree incline). Significance was set at P ≤ .05. Data are expressed as mean ± standard error of the mean.ResultsPlantar flexion resulted in PA occlusion and changes in diameter and peak systolic velocity in symptomatic (three occluded, ?2.4 ± 0.34 mm, +49 cm/s) and asymptomatic (six occluded, ?1.6 ± 0.21 mm, +65 cm/s) limbs. The difference in percentage change was significant between groups only for diameter change. EABIs in both groups were similar at rest, decreased with running and walking at 1 minute, and were not fully recovered by 5 minutes. Symptomatic limbs had a greater decrease in ABI than did asymptomatic limbs with both running and walking. The decrease was greatest at 1 minute after running and significantly more pronounced in symptomatic (?0.18) than in asymptomatic (?0.02) limbs.ConclusionsEABI decrease at 1 minute after running and PA diameter decrease with dynamic ankle plantar flexion are significantly greater in limbs with than without exertional lower extremity symptoms. These noninvasive measurements may be valuable in the workup of such symptoms. PA and tibial nerve compression at the popliteal outlet may be a more frequent cause of functionally limiting exertional lower extremity pain and neurologic symptoms than previously recognized.