中国“顶刊热”的冷思考:基于40年研究主题的多层次国际比较研究

【目的】 在全球视野下,从宏观、中观、微观层面分析中国顶刊论文研究主题的特征及趋势。【方法】 基于1980—2020年Nature和Science期刊上的研究型论文,利用对比分析法,从时间维度对我国顶刊论文不同层级的研究主题展开国际比较研究。【结果】 中国顶刊论文学科结构沿着与全球趋同的方向演进;中国顶刊论文覆盖的研究领域较少,一些增长型和衰减型研究领域呈现追随全球的显著趋势;中国顶刊论文研究主题多为追随型,起步晚、时滞长。【结论】 高水平研究的发展,不仅需要科研人员更加注重论文的内在质量,科技期刊也应充分发挥“把关人”作用,机构与国家应健全科研评价体系,为推动我国高水平研究提供良好的发展氛围与制度保障。     

腰椎间盘突出症治疗的新进展

目的：探讨并论述腰椎间盘突出症（LDH）的治疗现状及最新进展。方法：复习国内外有关LDH治疗的文献,就LDH的各种治疗方法及其发展前景进行介绍,比较。结果：LDH的治疗日益多样化,结论：会有创伤小,恢复快,并发症少,保持脊柱稳定性等融为一体的方法用于LDH的治疗。     

中医外治法在慢性萎缩性胃炎中的应用研究进展

慢性萎缩性胃炎（CAG）是消化系统常见的慢性疾病,被认为是胃癌癌前病变,严重危害人类健康。如何有效促进胃黏膜的修复、抑制腺体的萎缩、阻断癌变是临床研究的热点。目前西医尚缺乏特效的治疗手段,近年来,大量研究结果表明,中医外治法在治疗CAG方面取得了显著成果,且具有简、便、效、廉等优势,深受患者青睐。现查阅近年来包括针刺法、灸法及贴敷法等在内的常用中医外治法治疗CAG的相关文献并进行综述,以期为临床治疗该病提供参考。     

中医药治疗糖尿病肾病实验研究进展

糖尿病肾病（DN）是糖尿病常见慢性并发症之一,白蛋白尿和肾小球滤过率下降是目前糖尿病肾病诊断的重要临床指征。DN严重影响着患者的生命质量,尽早地干预糖尿病肾病的危险因素,纠正胰岛素代谢障碍导致的长期高血糖因素影响下的肾脏损伤,是有效阻止其进展为终末期肾脏疾病的关键。中医药秉持其特色理论取得了独特的治疗优势,随着中医药对于DN的认识与研究的加深,实验研究方面也取得了一定的进展。本文总结了中医研究DN动物模型的常用构建方法,同时从中医药调节免疫炎症反应、降低氧化应激水平、改善肾脏血流动力学改变、纠正糖脂代谢紊乱等机制方面列举分析中医药辨治糖尿病实验研究进展,探讨中医药防治DN的机制,以期对临床有所裨益。     

Pregnant women & vaccines against emerging epidemic threats: Ethics guidance for preparedness,research, and response

Zika virus, influenza, and Ebola have called attention to the ways in which infectious disease outbreaks can severely – and at times uniquely – affect the health interests of pregnant women and their offspring. These examples also highlight the critical need to proactively consider pregnant women and their offspring in vaccine research and response efforts to combat emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases. Historically, pregnant women and their offspring have been largely excluded from research agendas and investment strategies for vaccines against epidemic threats, which in turn can lead to exclusion from future vaccine campaigns amidst outbreaks. This state of affairs is profoundly unjust to pregnant women and their offspring, and deeply problematic from the standpoint of public health. To ensure that the needs of pregnant women and their offspring are fairly addressed, new approaches to public health preparedness, vaccine research and development, and vaccine delivery are required. This Guidance offers 22 concrete recommendations that provide a roadmap for the ethically responsible, socially just, and respectful inclusion of the interests of pregnant women in the development and deployment of vaccines against emerging pathogens. The Guidance was developed by the Pregnancy Research Ethics for Vaccines, Epidemics, and New Technologies (PREVENT) Working Group – a multidisciplinary, international team of 17 experts specializing in bioethics, maternal immunization, maternal-fetal medicine, obstetrics, pediatrics, philosophy, public health, and vaccine research and policy – in consultation with a variety of external experts and stakeholders.     

Research priorities to increase vaccination coverage in Europe (EU joint action on vaccination)

BackgroundDeciding how best to invest in healthcare is never an easy task and prioritization is therefore an area of great interest for policymakers. Too low public vaccine confidence, which results in insufficient vaccine uptake, remains an area of concern for EU policy-makers. Within the European Joint action on vaccination, a work-package dedicated to research aims to define tools and methods for priority‐setting in the field of vaccination research. We therefore propose a prioritization framework to identify research priorities towards generating and synthesizing evidence to support policies and strategies aiming at increasing vaccine coverage.Materials/methodsWe used a multi-criteria decision analysis (MCDA) method inspired by the Child Health and Nutrition Research Initiative developed by Rudan et al. This quantitative methodology follows a series of steps involving different groups of experts and relevant stakeholders. The first step consists in identifying key research questions through a broad consultation. In parallel, a first group of experts is tasked to select criteria for prioritization of research questions, taking into consideration the ultimate goal of the exercise. Another group of experts is then requested to assess a weight to each of the criteria, using pair-wise comparisons. The final step consists in gathering experts who will assess each research question against the weighted criteria. This evaluation leads to assigning a score to each individual research question, which can then be ranked in order of priority.ResultsWe focused our work on four pre-selected pilot vaccines (pertussis, measles containing combination vaccines, influenza and HPV). The consultation generated 124 questions, which were secondarily sorted and re-worded to obtain 27 questions to be ranked. Criteria for setting priorities were the following: accessibility, answerability, deliverability, disease prevalence/incidence, effectiveness, equity, generalization, and territory. During a final face-to-face meeting international experts ranked the 27 questions and agreed on a consensual list of six top-priorities.ConclusionsWe have developed a transparent, evidence-based rigorous framework to defined key research questions to generate evidence towards the design of policies and strategies to increase vaccine coverage. Results were disseminated broadly and submitted to the EC for potential funding in the context of The Horizon Europe Program. The same process will be conducted in 2021 to identify vaccination research priorities regarding all vaccines used in the EU as well as COVID-19 vaccines.