《伤寒杂病论》五行生克治则治法探讨

张仲景按照五脏的五行归属,以及五脏之间相生相克的关系,根据《黄帝内经》“虚则补其子,实则泄其母”的原则,确立治则治法,如五行相生中肝木生心火,养肝血以济心,即培木生火法;脾土生肺金,脾健运以益肺,即培土生金法;肺金生肾水,滋肺阴以助肾水,即金水相生法;而五行相克中肾水克心火,肾阴上承制约心阳,若心火亢于上则需壮水制火法;肝木克脾土,肝之疏泄制约脾土壅滞,而肝疏泄过度制约脾之运化,急需达木扶土法;脾土克肾水,脾气健运以制约肾水泛滥,即培土制水法。其中不乏千古名方,其效如神,可供后世效仿。     

丹波元胤《难经疏证》涎-口乃脾候-散膏-胃中谷-实脾防变辑要

丹波元胤撰《难经疏证》"谨考经文,寻其指归,旁采群籍,资为证佐"。(氵欠),慕欲口液也;从欠从水,慕欲,即是因羡慕某物想得到它而直流口水。贪欲。玉篇曰:(氵欠)。或作"涎",涎乃心生欲望时的口腔泌出物贪欲时泌出物,出于口,口为脾窍,故涎为脾主。"脾气通于口,口和则知谷味矣;心气通于舌,舌和则知五味矣","口是脾候"。认为"散膏"乃胰,为解剖概念,非人体普通脂肪(膏脂),"散膏,津液之不凝者"解释未免牵强附会;"胰生两肾中间,似脂非脂,似肉非肉,乃人物之命门,三焦发源处也,……盖颐养赖之,故称之颐,亦作胰"。其父丹波元简认为胃中所受之"谷"乃是水、谷物兼而有之,然丹波元胤则认为胃所受三斗五升之"谷"仅指谷物,不因先父言论而盲目遵从,探求真义,不避亲讳,引经据典,论证胃中谷仅指谷物。     

基于推土距离（EMD）算法的群体生物等效性统计方法评价眼用乳剂粒径分布的一致性

群体生物等效性是FDA推荐的可用于纳米制剂产品粒径等效性的统计分析方法，但当粒径分布呈现多峰等复杂分布时，传统考察参数D50、SPAN则不再适用。推土距离是评估分布之间差异的新的度量方法。本研究以环孢素眼用乳剂为研究对象，提出了基于推土距离（EMD）的群体生物等效性统计分析方法，并对比不同制备工艺下乳剂产品粒径分布一致性结果以验证方法的可行性。结果显示，该统计方法可以有效拒绝不等效产品，通过等效产品，这为仿制制剂处方研究、工艺开发及优化提供一种方案，具有良好的应用价值。     

Yttrium’s Effect on the Hot Cracking and Creep Properties of a Ni-Based Superalloy Built Up by Additive Manufacturing

We studied the effects of the rare earth element yttrium (Y) on the hot cracking and creep properties of Hastelloy-X processed by selective laser melting. We used two different alloys to study hot cracking in Hastelloy-X: one with 0.12 mass% yttrium added and one with no yttrium. Y-free Hastelloy-X exhibited less cracks, mainly due to the segregation of Si, W, and C resulting in SiC- and W₆C-type carbides at the grain boundary and interdendritic regions. On the other hand, more cracks formed in the Y-added Hastelloy-X specimen because of segregation of Y, resulting in the formation of yttrium-rich carbide (YC). Post-heat treatment was conducted at 1177 °C for 2 h, followed by air cooling, to obtain good creep properties. We carried out a creep test along the vertical and horizontal directions. Despite having more cracks, the Y-added as-built Hastelloy-X specimen showed longer creep life and ductility than the Hastelloy-X specimen. This was mainly because of the formation of Y₂O₃ and SiO₂ inside the grains. After solution treatment, the Y-added specimen’s creep life was eight times longer than that of the Y-free solution-treated specimen. This was mainly because of the maintenance of the columnar grain morphology even after solution treatment. In addition, the formation of M₆C carbides, Y₂O₃, and SiO₂ improved creep life. To summarize the effect of Y, Y addition promoted the formation of cracks, which brought about creep anisotropy; however, it improved creep properties through the stabilization of oxygen and the promotion of discrete carbide precipitation, which prohibited the migration and sliding of grain boundary.     

The Effect of Cement Addition on Water Vapour Resistance Factor of Rammed Earth

The article aims to determine the effect of cement addition on the water vapour resistance factor of stabilized rammed earth. Literature analysis indicates that different earthen materials show large differences in water vapour resistance factor values. The high diffusion resistance of concrete concerning other construction materials suggests that cement will be one of the factors significantly affecting these values. The paper presents water vapour resistance factor test results of rammed earth with various soil particle sizes and cement contents. The obtained results showed that an increase of cement addition increases the diffusion resistance of the material. However, the diffusion resistance of cement stabilized rammed earth is still low compared to concrete.     

Reuse of Industrial and Agricultural Waste in the Fabrication of Geopolymeric Binders: Mechanical and Microstructural Behavior

Resource recovery from waste is one of the most important ways to implement the so-called circular economy, and the use of alkali activated materials can become an alternative for traditional PC-based materials. These types of materials are based on waste resources involving a lower carbon footprint and present similar or high properties and good durability compared to that Portland cement (PC). This research work proposes using new waste generated in different types of industries. Four waste types were employed: fluid catalytic cracking residue (FCC) from the petrochemical industry; ceramic sanitary ware (CSW) from the construction industry; rice husk ash (RHA); diatomaceous waste from beer filtration (DB) (food industry). FCC and CSW were employed as precursor materials, and mixtures of both showed good properties of the obtained alkali activated materials generated with commercial products as activators (NaOH/waterglass). RHA and DB were herein used as an alternative silica source to prepare the alkaline activating solution. Mechanical behavior was studied by the compressive strength development of mortars. The corresponding pastes were characterized by X-ray diffraction, thermogravimetric analysis, and microscopy studies. The results were satisfactory, and demonstrated that employing these alternative activators from waste produces alkali activated materials with good mechanical properties, which were sometimes similar or even better than those obtained with commercial reagents.     

The change in retentive force of magnetic attachment by abrasion

Magnets are frequently applied to removable dentures as retentive attachments. A magnet-retained removable overdenture might be slightly shifted from side to side by eccentric movement in the mouth, and the surface of magnetic attachment may be worn as a result. However, the relationship between the retentive force of magnetic attachment and its surface abrasion has not been reported. The purpose of this research is to investigate this relationship. Ten Mgfit DX 400 magnetic attachments for natural tooth roots were used for this experiment. The magnetic attachments were embedded in autopolymerizing acrylic resin, and ten pairs of specimens were fabricated. A 5-mm repeated gliding motion was applied on each pair of specimens until 30 000, 50 000, or 90 000 cycles had been achieved. The abrasion machine was under 5 kg loading, and the slide speed was 60 times/min. The retentive force of magnetic attachment was measured with a tension gauge at (1) before gliding; (2) after 30 000 gliding cycles; (3)after 50 000 gliding cycles; or (4) after 90 000 gliding cycles. The average change of retentive force of ten magnetic attachments after 30 000, 50 000, and 90 000 gliding cycles was 0.016 N, 0.003 N, and -0.008 N, respectively. The change was statistically analyzed using a paired-sample t test, which showed that the number of gliding cycles did not affect the retentive force of magnetic attachment significantly. The surface of magnetic attachment after gliding was observed by a microscope, and the abrasion of this attachment surface is clearly seen.     

稀土氧化物着色牙色四方多晶氧化锆陶瓷的烧结性能

目的 探讨添加微量稀土氧化物对以稀土氧化物作为着色剂制备的与天然牙颜色匹配的牙色四方多晶氧化锆陶瓷的烧结性能的影响。方法 采用内着色法制备6组与天然牙色匹配的四方多晶氧化锆陶瓷,通过阿基米德定律测试其烧结致密性,通过扫描电镜观察其显微结构,X射线衍射测试其相变特征。结果 6组与天然牙色匹配的四方多晶氧化锆陶瓷的相对密度达到98%;电镜观察可见氧化锆的晶粒完整、晶界清楚、晶粒大小均匀,100～300 nm,未见异常生长的晶粒,晶界处未见到第二相的杂质相;XRD图谱显示,6种牙色四方多晶氧化锆陶瓷的晶相组成均以四方相氧化锆的特征峰为主,未见明显的杂质峰。结论 微量稀土氧化物的添加对以稀土氧化物作为着色剂制备的与天然牙颜色匹配的牙色四方多晶氧化锆陶瓷的烧结性能的影响较小,最终烧结体的主晶相仍以四方相为主。     

稀土元素在口腔医学领域应用研究进展

稀土元素是一组金属元素的简称,包括镧系元素及化学性质与其相近的钪和钇2种元素。稀土元素具有拮抗内毒素、抑制炎症因子分泌、防龋、干预和调控骨的形成与再造、抗凝血、抑癌等生物学作用,已广泛应用于生物医学领域。本文主要对稀土元素在口腔医学领域内的应用研究进展做一综述。     

Methodological Aspects of Obtaining and Characterizing Composites Based on Biogenic Diatomaceous Silica and Epoxy Resins

Diatomaceous earth are sediments of unicellular algal skeletons with a well-defined hierarchical structure. Despite many tests conducted on systems using diatomaceous earth and epoxy resins, we can find many differences in the methods of acquisition and characteristics of the composite, which may considerably affect the results. In our study, we have conducted tests to verify the impact of the method of obtaining samples and the degassing of the composite on its mechanical properties and standard deviation. The samples were cast in glass moulds and silicone moulds and then subjected to testing for their mechanical and functional properties, imaging with the use of an optical microscope and a scanning electron microscope. The tests have shown that, for samples cast in glass moulds, there is no heterogeneity within the area of the tested sample, as in the case of samples cast in silicone moulds. Silicone moulds allow for quite effective self-degassing of the resin due to the large area-to-mass ratio, and the small remaining air vesicles have a limited effect on the mechanical properties of the samples. The filler used also played a significant role. For systems containing base and rinsed diatomite, it is clear that the degassing of mixtures increases the tensile strength. For treated diatomite, the elongation at break grew along with increasing filler concentration, while for base diatomite, the improvement was observed for flexural strength and impact strength. A non-modified epoxy resin shows a tensile strength at 19.91 MPa (silicone mould cast). At the same time, the degassed, glass mould-cast systems containing 12% of base and rinsed diatoms showed a tensile strength of 27.4 MPa and 44.7 MPa, respectively. We have also observed that the higher the filler concentration, the higher were the tensile strength values, which for the rinsed diatoms reached over 55.1 MPa and for the base diatoms were maximum of 43.8 MPa. The tests, therefore, constitute a set of guidelines and recommendations for testing with the use of fillers showing an extended inner structure.