Combining Antiplatelet and Antithrombotic Therapy (Triple Therapy): What Are the Risks and Benefits?

Most patients with mechanical heart valves and many patients with atrial fibrillation will require long-term anticoagulation therapy. For patients with mechanical prosthetic valves, only warfarin is indicated. However, for patients with nonvalvular atrial fibrillation who are at increased risk for embolic stroke, one of the newer antithrombotic medications, such as rivaroxaban, dabigatran, and apixaban, also can be used. Patients with indications for antithrombotic therapy often will have coexisting vascular disease, such as coronary artery disease, requiring concomitant antiplatelet therapy with aspirin alone or more commonly with a dual antiplatelet regimen, aspirin and clopidogrel, or prasugrel or ticagrelor. The risks and benefits of this approach are still not well defined, and current guidelines have included recommendations based primarily on expert opinion.     

上颌快速扩弓联合前方牵引后骨性Ⅲ类伴上颌骨发育不足患者上气道变化的meta分析

目的 系统评价上颌快速扩弓联合前方牵引后骨性Ⅲ类伴上颌骨发育不足患者上气道的变化情况。方法 计算机检索 PubMed、Cochrane Library、Embase、CNKI、CBM、维普及万方数据库等中英文数据库中所有关于上颌快速扩弓联合前方牵引后骨性Ⅲ类伴上颌骨发育不足患者上气道变化方面的文献,检索时限均为建库至 2018年 3 月1日。由 2 名研究者根据纳入与排除标准筛选文献、提取资料并评价纳入研究的偏倚风险后,采用RevMan 5.3 软件进行 meta 分析。结果 最后纳入 12 篇文献,Meta 分析结果显示,上颌快速扩弓联合前方牵引后,鼻咽容积[MD=0.89 cm³,95%CI(0.36 cm³,1.42 cm³),P=0.001]显著大于治疗前,口咽容积[MD=0.44 cm³,95%CI(-0.01 cm³,0.89 cm³),P=0.05]、喉咽容积[MD=0.37 cm³,95%CI（-1.31 cm³,1.76 cm³）,P=0.61]较治疗前差异无统计学意义。上气道上部变化PNS-ad1[MD=2.11 mm,95%CI（1.87 mm,3.94 mm）,P<0.00001]、 PNS-ad2[MD=2.91mm,95%CI(1.87 mm,3.94 mm),P<0.00001]显著大于治疗前,上气道下部MPS[MD=0.47 mm,95%CI(-0.89 mm,1.87 mm),P=0.5]、IPS[MD=0.42 mm,95%CI(-0.90 mm,1.75 mm,P=0.53)]较治疗前差异无统计学意义。结论 上颌快速扩弓联合前方牵引可以增加安氏Ⅲ类伴上颌骨发育不足患者鼻咽部容积及矢状径,可通过扩大气道间隙,降低上颌骨发育不足患者发生阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停综合征的风险。     

Echocardiography for Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy

Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) is a genetic cardiomyopathy. The prevalence of phenotypic expression, in the absence of another systemic or cardiac disease causing increased left ventricular (LV) wall thickness, is estimated to be 1:500. The frequency of clinical presentation is far less, highlighting the need for a non-invasive diagnostic imaging tool. Echocardiography is readily available and allows for structural characterization and hemodynamic assessment of the hypertrophic heart and to screen patients at-risk for HCM, such as first degree relatives of affected individuals, and differentiate HCM from the athletic heart. Echocardiography can also be used to assess for anatomic abnormalities of the mitral valve apparatus that may exacerbate LV outflow track obstruction and to further risk stratify patients during exercise. Finally, echocardiography plays an integral role in guiding alcohol septal ablation procedures.     

Disturbed Left Atrial Function is Associated with Paroxysmal Atrial Fibrillation in Hypertension

Background

Hypertension is the most prevalent and modifiable risk factor for atrial fibrillation. The pressure overload in the left atrium induces pathophysiological changes leading to alterations in contractile function and electrical properties.

Objective

In this study our aim was to assess left atrial function in hypertensive patients to determine the association between left atrial function with paroxysmal atrial fibrillation (PAF).

Method

We studied 57 hypertensive patients (age: 53±4 years; left ventricular ejection fraction: 76±6.7%), including 30 consecutive patients with PAF and 30 age-matched control subjects. Left atrial (LA) volumes were measured using the modified Simpson''s biplane method. Three types of LA volume were determined: maximal LA(LAVmax), preatrial contraction LA(LAVpreA) and minimal LA volume(LAVmin). LA emptying functions were calculated. LA total emptying volume = LAVmax−LAVmin and the LA total EF = (LAVmax-LAVmin )/LAVmax, LA passive emptying volume = LAVmax− LAVpreA and the LA passive EF = (LAVmax-LAVpreA)/LAVmax, LA active emptying volume = LAVpreA−LAVmin and LA active EF = (LAVpreA-LAVmin )/LAVpreA.

Results

The hypertensive period is longer in hypertensive group with PAF. LAVmax significantly increased in hypertensive group with PAF when compared to hypertensive group without PAF (p=0.010). LAAEF was significantly decreased in hypertensive group with PAF as compared to hypertensive group without PAF (p=0.020). A'' was decreased in the hypertensive group with PAF when compared to those without PAF (p = 0.044).

Conclusion

Increased LA volume and impaired LA active emptying function was associated with PAF in untreated hypertensive patients. Longer hypertensive period is associated with PAF.     

2015-2019年河南省输入性疟疾病例诊断分析

目的　分析2015-2019年河南省输入性疟疾病例诊断情况,为开展消除疟疾后监测工作提供依据。方法　通过中国疾病预防控制中心传染病监测信息系统和寄生虫病防治信息管理系统,收集2015-2019年河南省疟疾病例信息,对其诊断方式、诊断机构、诊断时间进行统计分析。结果　2015-2019年河南省共报告输入性疟疾病例952例,所有病例均为实验室确诊病例。疟疾快速诊断试纸条（RDT）阳性检出率为98.61%（779/790）,高于镜检检出率（94.22%,897/952）,差异有统计学意义（[χ2] = 22.773,P＜0.05）。输入性疟疾病例在医疗机构诊断的比例由2015年的65.22%（120/184）升至2019年的81.50%（185/227）。238例在疾病预防控制（疾控）机构诊断的输入性疟疾病例中,71.01%（169/238）在县级疾控机构诊断;704例在医疗机构诊断的输入性疟疾病例中,仅8.38%（59/704）在县级医疗机构诊断。输入性疟疾病例从发病到确诊中位时间为3 d,其中从发病到初诊中位时间为1 d,各年从初诊到确诊时间差异有统计学意义（[χ2] = 24.956,P ＜ 0.05）,其四分位数间距由2016年的4 d缩短为2019年的2 d。输入性重症恶性疟病例从初诊到确诊中位时间（2 d）长于非重症病例（1 d）,差异有统计学意义（Z = 7.557,P ＜ 0.05）。结论　医疗机构在河南省输入性疟疾病例发现和监测中的作用越来越重要,但县级医疗机构诊断水平仍较低;应提高其诊断意识和能力,从而在消除疟疾后监测工作中发挥哨点医院作用。     

艾滋病与肝病患者胃窦黏膜活检快速尿素酶检测幽门螺杆菌与病理学染色的比较研究

目的探讨胃窦黏膜活检快速尿素酶试验(RUT)和病理学法检测幽门螺杆菌(Helicobacter pylori,H.pylori)的阳性率及其在艾滋病(AIDS)、慢性肝病和普通慢性胃病患者中的差异。方法选取937例因上腹部不适接受胃镜检查的患者,其中艾滋病组患者61例(艾滋病组),慢性肝病组患者600例(慢性肝病组),非艾滋病非肝病普通慢性胃病组患者276例(普通慢性胃病组)。所有患者均于胃镜检查中胃窦部取活检组织2块,分别进行RUT和病理学检测法检测H.pylori。结果胃窦黏膜活检RUT H.pylori的总体阳性率为47.0%,病理学染色检测法的总体阳性率为35.3%;艾滋病组和普通慢性胃病组病理学检测H.pylori阳性率(45.9%、57.97%)均高于同组RUT检验H.pylori阳性率(37.7%、38.77%,P0.05);慢性肝病组RUT检测H.pylori阳性率(42.83%)高于病理学检测H.pylori阳性率(32.67%)(P0.05);以病理学检测结果为最终诊断,慢性肝病组患者H.pylori感染率小于艾滋病组和普通慢性胃病组(P0.05),艾滋病组患者H.pylori感染率小于普通慢性胃病组,但差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论艾滋病、慢性肝病和普通慢性胃病患者胃窦黏膜活检RUT与病理学法检测H.pylori均有显著性差异,临床最终诊断结果仍应以病理学检测结果为准;慢性肝病患者RUT检测H.pylori存在较高假阳性及其H.pylori感染率低于艾滋病患者和普通慢性胃病患者。     

新一代冷冻球囊能提高冷冻消融治疗心房颤动的远期疗效

目的探讨新一代冷冻球囊能否提高冷冻消融治疗心房颤动（简称房颤）的远期疗效。方法回顾性分析2012年1月至2013年6月序贯接受冷冻球囊消融治疗的房颤患者的介入治疗与术后门诊随访资料。根据术中使用球囊类型不同将患者分为第一代（G1）组和第二代（G2）组。术后3个月后的规律门诊随访中如有房颤或心房扑动或房性心动过速复发的心电学证据则判定为冷冻消融治疗失败。术前经胸超声测量左房前后径。结果共105例患者纳入研究,其中G1组57例,G2组48例。G2组术中即刻肺静脉隔离成功率高于G1组[98．7％（150／152）VS94．6％（174／184）,P=0．0429]。G2组不同肺静脉最低冷冻温度均明显低于G1组（P〈0．01）,冷冻消融时间[30（16,44）minVS35（25,55）min,P〈0．0001]、手术时间[105（75,145）minVS120（80,190）min,P=0．0056]、X线曝光时间[17（13,28）minVS20（13,32）min,P=0．0470]均明显低于G1组。G1组1例发生心包积液,G2组4例（8．3％）发生手术相关主并发症（2例膈神经麻痹,2例短暂性脑缺血发作）。在平均13（5,20）个月随访期内73例完成随访,46例维持窦性心律。G2组冷冻消融术后成功率明显高于G1组[89．3％（25／28）VS46．7％（21／45）,P=0．0002]。生存分析亦证实G2组成功率高于G1组（Log—Rank=5．0238,P=0．0250）。复发患者左房内径较大[（48±7）mmVS（44±6）mm,P=0．0079J。Logistic回归分析显示采用新球囊[RR=9．524（2．511,36．121）,P=0．0009]与冷冻消融成功率提高独立相关。结论采用新一代冷冻球囊冷冻消融治疗房颤不仅能够缩短术中冷冻标测和消融时间,提高即刻肺静脉隔离成功率,还能提高远期随访成功率,但是在早期应用中主并发症发生率稍高。