Risk factors for postoperative pneumonia and prognosis in lung cancer patients after surgery: A retrospective study

Postoperative pneumonia (POP) is one of the most frequent complications following lung surgery. The aim of this study was to identify the risk factors for developing POP and the prognostic factors in lung cancer patients after lung resection.We performed a retrospective review of 726 patients who underwent surgery for stages I–III lung cancer at a single institution between August 2017 and July 2018 by conducting logistic regression analysis of the risk factors for POP. The Cox risk model was used to analyze the factors influencing the survival of patients with lung cancer.We identified 112 patients with POP. Important risk factors for POP included smoking (odds ratio [OR], 2.672; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.586–4.503; P < .001), diffusing capacity for carbon monoxide (DLCO) (40–59 vs ≥80%, 4.328; 95% CI, 1.976–9.481; P < .001, <40 vs ≥80%, 4.725; 95% CI, 1.352–16.514; P = .015), and the acute physiology and chronic health evaluation (APACHE) II score (OR, 2.304; 95% CI, 1.382–3.842; P = .001). In the Cox risk model, we observed that age (hazard ratios (HR), 1.633; 95% CI, 1.062–2.513; P = .026), smoking (HR, 1.670; 95% CI, 1.027–2.716; P = .039), POP (HR, 1.637; 95% CI, 1.030–2.600; P = .037), etc were predictor variables for patient survival among the factors examined in this study.The risk factors for POP and the predictive factors affecting overall survival (OS) should be taken into account for effective management of patients with lung cancer undergoing surgery.     

Improving the Gastrointestinal Tolerability of Aspirin in Older People

Interventions to reduce mortality and disability in older people are vital. Aspirin is cheap and effective and known to prevent cardiovascular and cerebrovascular disease, many cancers, and Alzheimer dementia. The widespread use of aspirin in older people is limited by its gastrointestinal side effects. Understanding age-related changes in gastrointestinal physiology that could put older people at risk of the side effects of aspirin may direct strategies to improve tolerance and hence lead to greater numbers of older people being able to take this effective intervention.     

Respiratory muscle weakness and normal ventilatory drive in dilative cardiomyopathy

BACKGROUND: In dilative cardiomyopathy several factors influence dyspnoea.Patients with chronic heart failure may demonstrate impairmentof breathing pattern, ventilatory drive and respiratory musclestrength, as well as reduction of ventilatory efficiency. Thepurpose of this study was to evaluate whether dilative cardiomyopathyis accompanied by changes in breathing pattern, respiratorymuscle weakness and ventilatory neural drive. METHODS: We investigated 47 patients (36 men, mean age=47·8±11·2years) with chronic heart failure due to dilative cardiomyopathy,and 30 healthy subjects (10 men, mean age=35·4±11·7years) served as controls. Patients and controls underwent evaluationof left ventricular ejection fraction by 2D echocardiography,spirometry, body plethysmography, mouth occlusion pressure andrespiratory muscle strength, as well as by submaximal treadmillexercise testing with gas exchange measurements. The patients'results were compared to controls and predicted standard normalvalues, and evaluated for differences according to the degreeof severity of functional impairment. RESULTS: Patients with dilative cardiomyopathy demonstrated a slightreduction in lung volumes (15% of the patients with obstructiveand 15% with restrictive lung function pattern) and diffusioncapacity (20·4±6·8 vs 15·4±6·7ml. min^–1 . kPa^–1; P<0·01). In neuraldrive, as assessed by mouth occlusion pressure, there was nosignificant difference between patients and controls. Therewas a slight but significant reduction in respiratory musclestrength, as assessed by measuring maximal inspiratory pressurein patients with dilative cardiomyopathy (6·7±2·4kPavs 8·6±3·5kPa; P<0·01). The observedchanges were more pronounced in the severe chronic heart failurepatients (with a reduction in ventilatory efficiency) whereasno relationship among indices of cardiac or respiratory functionwas found. CONCLUSION: Patients with chronic heart failure due to dilative cardiomyopathydevelop respiratory muscle weakness without changes in neuralventilatory drive, and slight changes in breathing pattern relatedto the severity of the disease.     

脉搏指数连续心输出量技术在重型颅脑损伤液体管理中的应用分析

目的 探究脉搏指数连续输出量技术(PICCO)在重型颅脑损伤液体管理中的临床应用.方法 选取入住ICU的重型颅脑损伤患者50例,采用随机数字表分为3组.实验组17例,采用脉搏指数连续输出量技术(PICCO)分析指导液体管理;对照A组17例,采用检测中心静脉压技术(CVP)指导液体管理;对照B组16例,采用无创伤脑血管血液动力学检查分析仪(CBA)指导液体管理.各组通过不同方式检测患者血液动力学参数,通过观测结果进行液体管理.比较3组患者ICU住院时间、格拉斯哥昏迷评分、神经源性肺水肿发生率以及患者病死率等参数.结果①3组患者ICU住院时间比较:实验组患者住院时间显著小于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05);对照A组患者的住院时间与对照B组患者住院时间相仿,差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05);②3组患者格拉斯哥昏迷评分(GCS)情况:治疗后,3组患者GCS评分均有所升高,且实验组较对照组显著增高,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05);对照A组与对照B组GCS评分相仿,差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05);③3组患者神经源性肺水肿发生率及病死率比较:治疗后,实验组患者的神经源性肺水肿发生率(3.3％)显著低于对照组(A:10％、B:10％),差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05);实验组患者病死率(3.3％)显著低于对照组(A:6.7％、B:6.7％),差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).结论 脉搏指数连续输出量技术(PICCO)能精确、全面地反映患者血液动力学各项指标,医护人员通过PICCO显示的各项参数,可对患者进行准确的血液管理,有效减少患者ICU住院时间、提高格拉斯哥昏迷评分、降低患者神经源性肺水肿发生率及患者病死率,对重型颅脑损伤患者的血液管理具有重要价值,值得推广.     

浅谈药学专业人体解剖生理学的教学体会和教学方法

人体解剖生理学是一门重要的基础课程,在针对药学专业学生的教学过程中存在着一些问题,课时数相对较少,教师教学方法和思维刻板保守,缺乏药学专业知识基础,学生对本课程重视度不够,缺乏足够的学习兴趣。针对这些实际问题,要求教师结合药学专业的学科特点来讲授人体解剖生理学知识,寻找新的教学方法,以提高学生的知识理解能力,培养学生的创新思维和主动学习的意识。     

急性生理学及慢性健康评估II系统在临床重症监护中的应用

急性生理学及慢性健康评估II(APACHE II)系统是目前临床重症监护病房(ICU)应用广泛且极具权威的危重患者病情评价系统。APACHE II能够正确判断患者疾病严重程度及评估患者预后,分值越高病情越重,且预后越差,病死率越高,已成为世界上应用最为广泛的危重病预后评价系统。追溯APACHE II系统的历史发展以及在重症监护领域的应用现状,对其应用的局限性进行回顾和探讨,提示在临床重症监护中充分利用APACHE II系统的优势,克服其局限性使之更好的为临床服务,使危重病评分系统在重症监护工作中得到更广泛更合理的应用,以提高危重患者的救治水平和重症监护水平。     

Home-measured pulse pressure is a predictor of cardiovascular disease in type 2 diabetes: The KAMOGAWA-HBP study

Background and aimsPulse pressure (PP) is a prognostic predictor of cardiovascular mortality. This retrospective cohort study aimed to investigate the association between home PP measurements and cardiovascular disease in patients with type 2 diabetes.Methods and resultsHome blood pressure was measured for 14 consecutive days in 1082 patients with type 2 diabetes, and pulse pressure was calculated.A 10 mmHg increase in morning PP was associated with a 1.30-fold increase in the risk of cardiovascular disease. The risk of cardiovascular disease was 1.88 times higher in the morning in the higher PP group than in the lower PP group. In the receiver operating characteristic analysis, the areas under the curve (95% confidence interval) corresponding to the PP (morning, evening, and clinic) for new-onset cardiovascular disease were 0.63 (0.58–0.69), 0.62 (0.57–0.67), and 0.59 (0.54–0.64), respectively. The area under the curve for PP measured in the morning was significantly greater than that for PP measured in the clinic (P = 0.032).ConclusionHome-measured PP is a better predictor of new-onset cardiovascular disease than clinic-measured PP, in patients with type 2 diabetes.     

代谢健康型肥胖与动脉粥样硬化的相关性研究

目的探讨在40岁以上的中国社区人群中,代谢健康型肥胖与动脉粥样硬化患病风险的相关性。方法来自上海嘉定社区共9525名不伴有心血管疾病的居民(男性3621名、女性5904名)参与了本项研究。每位参与者均完成了调查问卷、体格检查[包括肱踝脉搏波传导速度(brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity,baPWV)和血压(blood pressure,BP)的测量],以及实验室检查。根据体重指数(body mass index,BMI)和代谢水平,将参与者分为4组,分别是代谢健康型非肥胖(metabolically healthy non-obese,MHNO)、代谢不健康型非肥胖(metabolically unhealthy non-obese,MUNO)、代谢健康型肥胖(metabolically healthy obese,MHO)和代谢不健康型肥胖(metabolically unhealthy obese,MUO)。baPWV>1400 mm/s被定义为高baPWV水平,脉压差(pulse pressure,PP)高于人群上四分位数被定义为高PP水平。利用多元logistic回归分析模型探究MHO与高baPWV水平以及高PP水平之间的相关性。结果多元logistic回归分析显示,在校正性别、年龄、当前吸烟、当前饮酒及受教育程度之后,与MHNO组比较,MHO组人群与高baPWV水平(OR=1.18,95%CI 1.02~1.37)和高PP水平(OR=1.72,95%CI 1.43~2.08)有显著相关性。另外,MUNO和MUO组人群的高baPWV水平(MUNO为OR=3.02,95%CI 2.60~3.50;MUO为OR=3.26,95%CI 2.87~3.70)和高PP水平(MUNO为OR=2.56,95%CI 2.17~3.02;MUO为OR=3.49,95%CI 3.01~4.06)患病风险显著升高。结论中国社区中老年人群中,MHO与动脉粥样硬化患病风险升高有显著相关性。