计算机在固定床传热参数测定中的应用

开发了固定床传热参数测定的通用计算机处理系统,并给出了国产新型环柱状醋酸乙烯合成催化床的径向导热系数及壁给热系数的测定实例。     

醋酸纤维膜电泳筛查血清铜蓝蛋白

目的：建立一种快速、有效的血清铜蓝蛋白（ＣＰ）筛查方法。方法：醋酸纤维膜电泳分离血清ＣＰ,盐酸联苯胺显示法。结果：用此方法可明确检测出Ｗｉｌｓｏｎ氏病患者血清中ＣＰ含量的变化。结论：醋酸纤维膜电泳检测血清ＣＰ是一种有效的血清ＣＰ筛查方法。     

HPLC法同时测定复方雌二醇控释贴片中雌／孕激素的含量

目的：建立同时测定复方雌二醇透皮控释巾片中雌二醇（Ｅ２）和炔诺酮醋酸酯（ＮＥＴＡ）含量的反相ＨＰＬＣ法。方法：色谱柱为岛津柱（５μｍ,６．０ｍｍ＊１５０ｍｍ）检测波长为２８０ｍｍ（０－－８．５ｍｉｎ）,２４０ｎｍ（８．５１－－１５ｍｉｎ）;流动相为甲醇－水（７５：２５）。结果：Ｅ２、ＮＥＴＡ线性范围分别为２．０～２０、６．０～６０ｍｇ．Ｌ^-1。平均回收率分别为１０１．０％（ＲＳＤ＝１．６％）、９９     

Prednisone can protect against exercise-induced muscle damage

In an experimental animal exercise model we tested whether daily administration of prednisone prevents the development of mechanically induced muscle fibre damage. Six-week-old rats were treated with different doses of prednisone ranging from 1 to 50 mg/kg body weight per day or with placebo, for 8 days. On day 6 of treatment the rats were forced to run for 2 h on a level treadmill. Two days after exercise morphological damage in the soleus muscles was quantified using light microscopy and a semi-automatic image analysis system. Creatine kinase (CK) activity was measured before exercise (day 5) and directly after exercise (day 6). The expression of dystrophin in a placebo group and in a group that received 5 mg prednisone/kg body weight per day with and without performing exercise was studied with Western blotting. The effect of prednisone on fibre type distribution was determined with an antibody against fast myosin and the effect of prednisone on the proliferative activity of muscle satellite cells was studied using bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) immunohistochemistry. Exercise-induced muscle fibre damage varied in a dose-dependent way. In the placebo group the mean (SEM) damaged muscle fibre area was 4% (1%). The groups that received low doses of prednisone, 1 or 2.5 mg/kg per day, showed a similar level of muscle damage. However, with 5 mg prednisone/kg per day the amount of muscle fibre damage [mean (SEM)] was significantly reduced to 1.4% (0.5%) (P 0.05, Student'st-test). High doses of prednisone had no protective effect. Directly after exercise the CK activity was increased two-fold, except in the group that received 50 mg prednisone/kg body weight per day. No changes in the amount of dystrophin were found after densitometric analysis of the Western blots. Prednisone did not affect the fibre distribution or the labelling index of satellite cells. We conclude that prednisone, given in an appropriate dose, protects muscle fibres against the development of mechanically induced damage, possibly by stabilizing the muscle fibre membranes. This action may explain the beneficial effect of prednisone observed in Duchenne muscular dystrophy patients.     

The effects of cyclosporin A,tamoxifen, and medroxyprogesterone acetate on the enhancement of Adriamycin cytotoxicity in primary cultures of human breast epithelial cells

Summary Adriamycin (Adr), the single most active agent used in the treatment of breast cancer, may become ineffective as treatment progresses due to the development of multidrug resistant (MDR) tumors. A major mechanism associated with MDR is increased P-glycoprotein (Pgp) expression. This study examined the abilities of the anti-estrogen tamoxifen (TAM) and the progestin medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA) as well as cyclosporin A (CsA), a known resistance modifier, to enhance the cytotoxic effects of Adr on human breast epithelial cells (HBEC) in primary culture. Pgp and estrogen receptor (ER) expression were determined in each of the cultures by immunocytochemical assays using the monoclonal antibodies C219 and H222 Sp, respectively. The Adr-sensitive, Pgp-, ER+ MCF-7 cell line and the Adr-resistant, Pgp+, ER-MCF7-AdrR cell line were used as controls. Primary cultures were categorized as HBEC from tissues with or without previous chemotherapy. Pgp was detected in 1 of the 15 cell cultures from tissues without previous chemotherapy and in 5 of the 6 cell cultures from tissues previously exposed to chemotherapy. Incubation with either CsA or MPA plus Adr enhanced Adr toxicity in Pgp+ but not Pgp- cell cultures, whereas TAM had no effect on the sensitivity of any of the cultures. Of the 21 primary cultures of HBEC, 3 were ER+. There was no correlation between the enhancement of Adr cytotoxicity and ER status. The data suggest that MPA as well as CsA may be useful as modifying agents in overcoming Pgp-associated multidrug resistance.     

Treatment of mesangiocapillary glomerulonephritis with alternate-day prednisone —a report of The International Study of Kidney Disease in Children

It has been claimed that long-term prednisone treatment ameliorates the course of children with mesangiocapillary glomerulonephritis (MCGN). The International Study of Kidney Disease in Children conducted a randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled clinical trial in 80 children with idiopathic MCGN, including 42 patients with type I disease, 14 with type II disease, 17 with type III disease, and 7 with nontypable disease. Criteria for admission included heavy proteinuria and a glomerular filtration rate of greater than or equal to 70 ml/min per 1.73 m². Prednisone or lactose, 40 mg/m², was given every other day as a single morning dose. The mean duration of treatment was 41 months, renal failure being the most common reason for termination of therapy. Treatment failure was defined as an increase from baseline of 30% or more in serum creatinine, or more than 35 mol/l. Overall, treatment failure occurred in 55% of patients treated with lactose, compared with 40% in the prednisone group. Life-table analysis showed a renal survival rate (i.e., stable renal function) at 130 months of 61% among patients receiving prednisone and 12% among patients receiving lactose (P=0.07). Of patients with type I or III MCGN, 33% treated with prednisone were treatment failures, compared with 58% in the lactose group. Long-term treatment with prednisone appears to improve the outcome of children with MCGN.     

Effects of lead,copper, and zinc on the rat's lactate dehydrogenase in vivo and in vitro

Following subacute intoxication of rats with Pb-, Cu-, and Zn-salts (separately or in mixture) for 5 weeks, the chelating agent D-penicillamine was administered for 3 weeks. In the course of the 3-month experiment, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) was estimated in serum and in cytoplasmic fraction of the kidney. Pb²⁺ treatment resulted in an increase of LDH activity, Cu²⁺ in a slight decrease, whereas Zn²⁺ had no effect, respectively. Mixture of these metals caused a significant rise in the enzymatic activity. Seven weeks after the stoppage of the administration of toxic substances, altered LDH activity, both in serum and in kidney returned to normal. D-penicillamine treatment was found to accelerate a restoration of the enzyme activity.In the experiments in vitro, Cu²⁺ inhibited significantly the kidney LDH activity, Pb²⁺ and Zn²⁺ being 100- and 400-times less efficient, respectively. Cu²⁺ inhibition was reversed by D-penicillamine, whereas inhibition of LDH by Zn²⁺ or Pb²⁺ was irreversible.     

Treatment of myasthenia gravis

Summary In the treatment of myasthenia gravis (MG) considerable progress has recently been achieved. Our experience is based on the observation of 139 patients with an average follow-up of 3 years and 4 months.A treatment plan and results are presented.Indications for thymectomy: all cases of MG in adult life, apart from ocular myasthenia without radiological thymoma and without electrophysiological and pharmacological signs of generalization; before puberty only cases with radiological thymoma and severely incapacitating or life-threatening signs.Median sternotomy is preferable for thymoma, the transcervical approach with a sternal split for non-neoplastic thymus. Mediastinal radiotherapy is indicated after removal of an invasive or adhesive thymoma.Indications for corticosteroids: 1) before thymectomy: respiratory weakness; 2) soon after thymectomy: life-threatening signs; 3) later after thymectomy: incapacitating or life-threatening signs; 4) as an alternative to thymectomy: when surgery cannot be performed or it is not indicated. Oral Prednisone was nearly always preferred: alternate-day high single dose (75 to 115 mg) has given good results in most cases even if in some cases a small dose was required in the off day; inversely a lower alternate-day or daily dose was often sufficient.Long-term results: following this schedule for adult patients good results were scored in 67% of thymomas, in 94% of hyperplasias, and in 62% of unthymectomized patients: in prepuberal life the few cases of severe MG have all shown a favorable evolution.

---

Zusammenfassung Bei der Behandlung der Myasthenie wurden in letzter Zeit beachtliche Fortschritte erzielt. Wir teilen hier unsere Erfahrungen anhand von 139 Patienten mit einer durchschnittlichen Katamnese von 3 Jahren und 4 Monaten mit.Wir betrachten als Indikationen für eine Thymektomie: alle Fälle von Myasthenie beim Erwachsenen mit Ausnahme der rein okulären Formen ohne radiologisch nachweisbares Thymom und ohne elektrophysiologische oder pharmakologische Zeichen einer Generalisierung; bei Kindern vor der Pubertät empfehlen wir die Thymektomie nur in Fällen mit radiologisch nachweisbarem Thymom und mit schwerer Beeinträchtigung oder gar Lebensgefährdung durch die Symptome.Die mediane Sternotomie ist beim Thymom vorzuziehen, der transzervikale Zugang mit Spaltung des Sternums für die nicht neoplastischen Thymusvergrößerungen. Mediastinale Strahlentherapie ist nach Exstirpation eines invasiven Thymoms oder eines Thymoms mit Adhäsionen angezeigt.Als Indikation für die Corticosteroidtherapie betrachten wir: 1. wenn vor der Thymektomie Atemstörungen bestehen; 2. wenn bald nach der Thymektomie lebensbedrohliche Symptome auftreten; 3. wenn später nach Thymektomie nennenswert behindernde oder lebensbedrohliche Symptome in Erscheinung treten; 4. als Alternative zur Thymektomie, wenn diese nicht durchgeführt werden kann oder nicht indiziert ist. Die orale Prednisontherapie wurde fast immer vorgezogen: wir gaben an alternierenden Tagen jeweils hohe Einzeldosen (75–115 mg) mit gutem Erfolg in den meisten Fällen. In gewissen Fällen war eine kleine Dosis an den Tagen zwischen der Hauptdose aber genügend, ebenso in Einzelfällen eine allgemein niedrigere Dosierung. Die Langzeiterfolge mit diesem therapeutischen Vorgehen betrugen 67% gute Ergebnisse bei Thymomen und 94% bei Thymushyperplasie. Unter den nicht thymektomierten Patienten wiesen 62% ein gutes Ergebnis auf. Vor der Pubertät zeigten die allerdings wenigen Fälle schwerer Myasthenie alle ein gutes Ansprechen auf die Therapie.

     

Reversal learning deficits in young monkeys exposed to lead.

The reversal learning capacity of young rhesus monkeys in visual discrimination tasks was examined during daily exposure to dietary lead acetate throughout the first year of life. While not affected in physical development, all lead-treated monkeys showed performance deficits on reversal learning tasks. These deficits were independent of lead-induced changes in motivation. Over a series of problems, the overall learning rate of monkeys with blood lead concentrations in the range of 70-90 microgram/dl was retarded, which resulted partly from a pronounced difficulty in attaining criterion on the first of a series of reversals within a given problem. This latter deficit resulted from an increase in errors, balks, and total trials to criterion on the first reversal. Monkeys exposed to blood lead concentrations of 40-60 microgram/dl required significantly more trials to finish all problems, but did not show the first-reversal deficit. Theoretical implications of these data were discussed.     

冰醋酸涂剂稳定性研究

目的：研究冰醋酸涂剂的稳定性。方法：采用酸碱中和分析法和气相色谱法分别对醋酸与其不稳定产物乙酸乙酯运行定量测定。结果：在放置过程中醋酸含量下降，而乙酸乙酯含量增加。结论：《中国医院制剂规范》第2版收载的冰醋酸涂剂不稳定。