异丙酚和氯胺酮麻醉在头面部肿瘤手术中的比较

目的研究异丙酚和氯胺酮麻醉在头面部手术中对血流动力学的影响和术后清醒度的比较。方法５０例病人，ＡＳＡ分级为Ⅰ－Ⅱ，随机分为两组，异丙酚麻醉组（Ｄ），氯胺酮麻醉组（Ｋ）。Ｄ组用异丙酚２．５ｍｇ．ｋｇ－１诱导，用Ｇｒａｅｓｂｙ－３４０泵注异丙酚４．５ｍｇ·ｋｇ－１·ｈ－１维持麻醉；ｋ组用氯胺酮２．０ｍｇ／ｋｇ－１诱导，静脉点滴氯胺酮３ｍｇ·ｋｇ－１·ｈ－１维持麻醉。观察麻醉前（Ｔ０）、注药后（Ｔ１）、插管后（Ｔ２）、手术时（Ｔ３）、拔管前（Ｔ４）５个时点的ＨＲ、ＢＰ的变化，同时观察术后病人清醒的情况，并比较组内的变化和组间的变化。结果两组均对血流动力学有影响，Ｋ组在注药后、插管后、拔管前血压明显升高、心率加快；而Ｄ组在相对时点的ＨＲ、ＢＰ变化比Ｋ组较轻。同时，Ｄ组术后比Ｋ组清醒明显快。结论异丙酚静脉麻醉在头面部肿瘤手术中比氯安酮麻醉更为安全。     

A comparison of anaesthesia using remifentanil combined with either isoflurane, enflurane or propofol in patients undergoing gynaecological laparoscopy, varicose vein or arthroscopic surgery

BACKGROUND: Anaesthesia comprising remifentanil plus isoflurane, enflurane or propofol was randomly evaluated in 285, 285 and 284 patients, respectively, undergoing short-procedure surgery. METHODS: Anaesthesia was induced with propofol (0.5 mg x kg(-1) and 10 mg x 10 s(-1)), and a remifentanil bolus (1 microg x kg(-1)) and infusion at 0.5 microg x g(-1) x min(-1). Five minutes after intubation, remifentanil infusion was halved and 0.5 MAC of isoflurane or enflurane, or propofol at 100 microg x kg(-1) x min(-1) were started and titrated for maintenance. RESULTS: Patient demography and anaesthesia duration were similar between the groups. Surgery was performed as daycases (52%) or inpatients (48%). The median times (5-7 min) to extubation and postoperative recovery were similar between the groups. Responses to tracheal intubation (15% vs 8%) and skin incision (13% vs 7%) were significantly greater in the total intravenous anaesthesia (TIVA) group (P<0.05). Fewer patients given remifentanil and isoflurane (21%) or enflurane (19%) experienced > or =1 intraoperative stress response compared to the TIVA group (28%) (P<0.05). Median times to qualification for and actual recovery room discharge were 0.5-0.6 h and 1.1-1.2 h, respectively. The most common remifentanil-related symptoms were muscle rigidity (6-7%) at induction, hypotension (3-5%) and bradycardia (1-4%) intraoperatively and, shivering (6-7%), nausea and vomiting postoperatively. Nausea (7%) and vomiting (3%) were significantly lower with TIVA compared with inhaled anaesthetic groups (14-15% and 6-8%, respectively; P<0.05). CONCLUSION: Anaesthesia combining remifentanil with volatile hypnotics or TIVA with propofol was effective and well tolerated. Times of extubation, postanaesthesia recovery and recovery room discharge were rapid, consistent and similar for all three regimens.     

剖宫产术后出血的特点及临床分析

目的:了解剖宫产术后出血的规律及临床特点。方法:对432例剖宫产与阴道产发生产后出血(包括晚期出血)的产妇资料进行分析,比较出血量、出血时间及其它相关因素。结果:剖宫产产后出血及休克的发生率、出血量均明显高于阴道产(P<0.01);在晚期产后出血中,两者之间比较无显著差异。晚期产后出血多发生于产后第3周(71.1％)。结论:剖宫产较阴道产更易发生产后出血,而且出血量多。为减少剖宫产产后出血,严格手术操作、术中仔细检查胎盘、清理宫腔、加强术后观察是减少产后出血的关键。     

阴道分娩产后出血相关因素分析

目的:探讨阴道分娩产后出血的相关因素,以加强防治。方法:对经阴道分娩的产妇793例,使用容积法、称量 法及面积法估计产后出血量,发生产后出血的有45例,占5.68％。结果:产后出血的主要原因是宫缩乏力,影响产后出血的因素 较多,包括使用产钳助产、新生儿体重偏大、使用人工剥离方式娩出胎盘等。结论:产后出血是受多种因素影响的,因此必须采 取相应的措施预防产后出血。     

Management of the third stage of labor in an Egyptian teaching hospital.

OBJECTIVES: The study describes normal labor practices in an Egyptian teaching hospital for the first time, where postpartum hemorrhage is the leading cause of maternal mortality. Third-stage management patterns are described and compared to evidence-based medicine. Reasons for third-stage practices observed are explored. STUDY DESIGN: 176 normal births were directly observed. Women were interviewed postpartum and study findings were shared with providers. RESULTS: Third-stage active management was correctly done for 15% of women observed. Most common deviations for the remaining 85% were: giving uterotonic drugs after placental delivery (65%) and without cord traction (49%). Passive management was not done for any observed delivery. CONCLUSIONS: The preventive role actively managing the third stage can provide against postpartum hemorrhage was lost to the majority of the deliveries observed. Obstacles to adopting protocols shown to reduce hemorrhage should be explored, given the contribution of postpartum hemorrhage to maternal deaths in Egypt.     

剖宫产术中放置吉娜IUD后产褥出血量及恶露持续时间的观察

目的:观察剖宫产术中放置吉娜固定式宫内节育器(GyneFix PP IUD)对产时、产后出血、恶露持续时间及子宫复旧的影响。方法:对200例剖宫产放置吉娜IUD和204例剖宫产未放IUD妇女产时、产后出血量,产后恶露持续时间进行比较,并B超复查产后42天、90天时子宫复旧情况及吉娜IUD的状况。结果:两组产后出血量、恶露持续时间无显著差异,子宫复旧正常。在产后42天复查时吉娜脱落率为4％。86％的妇女可在宫颈见到吉娜尾丝。结论:剖宫产术即时放置吉娜IUD是安全的,未增加产后出血量及恶露持续时间,不影响子宫复旧,为产后即时避孕提供了新的选择。     

米索前列醇防治高危产后出血临床研究

目的 :观察口服米索前列醇用于预防高危产后出血的效果。方法 :将足月妊娠分娩有发生产后出血高危因素的产妇 98例随机分为 :①实验组 :5 0例 ,在胎儿娩出后立即口服米索前列醇 4 0 0 μg ,②对照组 :4 8例 ,在胎儿娩出后立即宫体内注射催产素 2 0U。产后 2 4h内平均出血量 ,试验组 (390± 6 2 .9)mL ,对照组 (435± 6 9.3)mL ,两组比较 ,P <0 .0 5。用药前后血压变化差异无显著意义。结论 :米索前列醇具有比催产素更强的子宫收缩作用 ,能很好地预防高危因素的产后出血 ,且用药方便、安全。     

Oral misoprostol in the third stage of labor.

OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy of intravenous ergometrine, intramuscular oxytocin, and oral misoprostol in the control of postpartum hemorrhage. METHODS: Mean blood loss, rates of blood loss between 500 and 1000 ml, hematocrit fall greater than 10%, and need for additional oxytocic agents and nature and rates of adverse effects were assessed in this prospective, randomized, controlled study. RESULTS: All outcomes were similar in the 3 groups. The main adverse effects in the misoprostol group were temperatures higher than 99 degrees F, which normalized within 2 h and shivering, which was mild and self-limiting. CONCLUSIONS: Oral misoprostol is as effective as conventional oxytocic agents in preventing postpartum hemorrhage and can be recommended for use in low-resource settings.     

Oral misoprostol for prevention of postpartum hemorrhage by paramedical workers in India.

OBJECTIVE: To study whether paramedical workers from rural primary health centers in India are able to administer oral misoprostol and actively manage the third stage of labor to prevent postpartum hemorrhage (PPH). METHOD: Cluster randomization was used to enroll 1200 women at 30 peripheral health centers from 5 states in India, 600 forming the study's intervention group (active management of the third stage of labor with 600 mug of oral misoprostol) and 600 forming the comparison group (in which the current government guidelines for the prevention of PPH were followed). The primary outcome was blood loss after delivery, which was measured using a calibrated blood collection drape. RESULTS: Age, literacy level, occupation, and gravidity were similar in the 2 groups. More than 70% of women in both groups had moderate anemia (hemoglobin level <10 g/dL). Paramedical workers followed instructions in almost all deliveries in the intervention group (99%). There was a significant reduction in duration of the third stage of labor (7.9 +/- 4.2 min vs. 10.9 +/- 4.3 min; p < .001) and median blood loss after delivery (100 mL vs. 200 mL; p < .001) in the intervention group. Overall, a low incidence of PPH was observed (<1%) in both groups. A greater number of women had moderate to severe shivering (12.7% vs. 0.5%) and a temperature higher than 38 degrees C (9.7% vs. 4.3%) in the intervention group, which was statistically significant. CONCLUSION: Simple interventions can be easily implemented in rural health care settings to reduce the blood loss during labor. This finding has significant implications for developing countries, in which the prevalence of anemia is high.     

可行走分娩镇痛应用于潜伏期的临床研究

目的评价可行走分娩镇痛在潜伏期应用的临床效果。研究宫口开张不同大小应用分娩镇痛后的产程进展，对子宫收缩力的影响及新生儿Apgar评分情况。方法确认已临产无内科合并症的初产妇共75例，随机分为三组。Ⅰ组：宫口开张1cm左右；组：宫口开张2～3cm；Ⅲ组为正常对照组未采用分娩镇痛。观察镇痛起效时间、子宫收缩力的变化、总产程、产后出血量、分娩结局及新生儿Apgar评分。结果Ⅰ组与Ⅲ组比较总产程差异无统计学意义。Ⅰ组与Ⅱ组第一产程比较时间延长，差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05），Ⅱ组与Ⅲ组比较子宫收缩力无明显降低，第一产程中Ⅰ组与Ⅲ组比较子宫收缩力显著降低，P（0．05，Ⅰ组催产素使用率为100％。三组间产后出血、新生儿Apgar评分各组间差异无统计学意义。结论舒芬太尼合并低浓度的罗哌卡因引导下无痛分娩，从潜伏期应用，有明显的分娩镇痛作用，不增加产后出血量，对新生儿的Apgar评分无影响。