Repellency of tsetse-refractory waterbuck (Kobus defassa) body odour to Glossina pallidipes (Diptera: Glossinidae): Assessment of relative contribution of different classes and individual constituents

Our earlier studies on the comparative behavioural responses of caged savanna tsetse (Glossina morsitans morsitans and Glossina pallidipes) on a preferred host (ox) and a non-host (waterbuck) suggested the presence of allomonal constituents on the latter. Follow up comparison of the compositions of odours of waterbuck with those of ox and buffalo led to the identification of a series of compounds (15) specific to waterbuck, including straight chain carboxylic acid (C₅–C₁₀), phenols (guaiacol and carvacrol), 2-alkanone homologues (C₈–C₁₂), geranylacetone and δ-octalactone. Behavioural studies in a windtunnel in the laboratory suggested that G. m. morsitans was repelled by a synthetic blend of waterbuck-specific constituents. In the present study, the effects of different blends of these compounds on catches of mixed sexes of G. pallidipes in attractant-baited NG2G traps were evaluated in the field. Each multicomponent class of constituents (acids, ketones and phenols) was found to reduce fly catches, but a 14-component blend of all these compounds was more effective (reduced catches by 79–85%), indicating that each of these classes of compounds contributes incrementally to the repellency of the waterbuck odour. However, subtractive assays showed some redundancy within each class of compounds, with some even demonstrating attractive properties. Addition of (RS)-δ-octalactone to the 14-component significantly increased the repellency of the resulting blend. A 5-component blend of compounds selected on the basis of their relative performance in subtractive assays (δ-octalactone, guaiacol, geranylacetone, hexanoic and pentanoic acid) showed substantial reduction in fly catches (84%) relative to the baited control. In separate sets of experiments involving an ox tethered in the middle of an incomplete ring of electric screens in the presence or absence of 15-component or 5-component blends, comparable levels in the reduction of fed flies (94 and 96%, respectively) were obtained with the two blends. The chemo-ecological significance and practical implication of these results are highlighted.     

水杨梅根的化学成分

采用硅胶、ODS等柱色谱方法对水杨梅Adina rubella的干燥根的化学成分进行分离纯化,通过NMR,MS等波谱技术鉴定化合物结构,分离鉴定了12个化合物。分别为:5,7-二羟基-2-甲基色原酮-7-O-β-D-葡萄糖苷(1),东莨菪苷(2),(+)-lyoniresinol-3a-O-β-D-glucopyranoside(3),(6S,7R,8R)-7a-［(β-D-glucopyranosyl)oxy］ lyoniresinol(4),harman-3-carboxylic acid(5),lyaloside(6),3-oxoquinovid acid(7),齐墩果酸(8),3-acetyl oleanolic acid(9),quinovic acid 3-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-28-O-β-L-rhamnopyranosyl ester(10),quinovic acid 3-O-β-D-glucopyranosiyl-28-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl ester(11),pyrocincholic acid 3-O-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-28-［β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1→6)-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl］ ester(12)。其中化合物3,4,6,8~10均为首次从该植物中分离得到。     

小酸浆中Withaphysalins的分离和结构鉴定

研究小酸浆Physalis minima L.的活性成分。小酸浆的地上部分经乙醇提取,氯仿萃取,D-101大孔树脂柱色谱粗分,Sephadex LH-20、MCI gel CHP 20P、RP-18等色谱柱分离,并通过理化常数和波谱学方法鉴定化合物结构。从小酸浆中分离鉴定了5个化合物,分别为Withaphysalin P(Ⅰ)、14,18-di-O-acetylwithaphysalin C(Ⅱ)、Withaphysalin Q(Ⅲ)、Withaphysalin型化合物1(Ⅳ)、Withaphysalin型化合物2(Ⅴ)。化合物Ⅳ、Ⅴ为新化合物,分别命名为Withaphysalin T、Withaphysalin U。     

中药炮制对中药化学成分及药效影响的研究进展

中药炮制是中华民族的宝贵财富,是在长时间的临床实践过程中总结出来的。中药材经过炮制加工以后会发生各种化学变化,其化学成分也会发生复杂的变化。本文针对大部分药材所含主要成分,比如苷类、挥发油类、生物碱以及蛋白质类等在炮制前后发生的变化进行归纳总结,同时本文从增效、减毒、缓和药性及产生新功效等方面阐述中药炮制对药效的影响,以期能为相关工作提供参考。     

香椿树皮的亲脂性成分研究

采用硅胶、反相、凝胶柱色谱和制备薄层色谱等方法对香椿树皮95%乙醇提取物进行分离纯化,共得到10个化合物,应用光谱技术和理化常数对照等方法对其结构进行鉴定,分别为白桦脂酸(1),豆甾烷-3,6-二酮(2),豆甾-4-烯-3-酮(3),7β-羟基谷甾醇(4),6-羟基豆甾-4-烯-3-酮(5),豆甾-4- 烯-3β,6β-二醇(6),过氧化麦角甾醇(7),7-methoxy-2-(3,4-methylenedioxyphenyl)benzofuran-5-carboxylat(8),铁屎米-6-酮(9),α-acetylamino-phenylpropyl α-benzoylamino phenylpropionate(10)。所有化合物均为首次从该植物中分离得到。     

基于超高效液相色谱-四级杆/静电场轨道阱高分辨质谱技术的妇可靖胶囊化学成分研究

目的：为系统阐明复方中药制剂妇可靖胶囊中的化学成分组成,采用超高效液相色谱-四级杆/静电场轨道阱高分辨质谱（UPLC-Q-Orbitrap HRMS）,对妇可靖胶囊的化学成分进行鉴定分析。方法：通过UPLC-Q-Orbitrap MS扫描提供的化合物精确相对分子质量、多级碎片离子信息,同时与对照品的的相对保留时间和质谱数据比对,并结合相关参考文献或Mass Bank、Chemical Book等数据库信息从而实现对化合物的准确定性。结果：共鉴定出67种化学成分,其中主要包括酚酸类、醌类、苯酞内酯类、黄酮类、萜类及其苷类、脂肪酸类等化学成分。结论：所建立的方法可系统、准确、快速地鉴定妇可靖胶囊中的多种化学成分,并为其药效物质基础及质量控制等研究提供了科学的理论依据。     

一株西沙来源软珊瑚共附生真菌Penicillium citrinum（15XS112ZM-18）次级代谢产物及其活性研究

目的 研究1株中国西沙群岛永兴岛海域短指软珊瑚Sinularia cf. molesta共附生真菌Penicillium citrinum (15XS112ZM-18)的次级代谢产物及其生物活性。方法 利用TLC、硅胶柱层析、Sephadex LH-20凝胶柱层析、MPLC、半制备HPLC等方法,对菌株代谢物进行分离纯化;通过1H NMR及13C NMR等波谱学方法,结合相关文献数据,鉴定化合物结构;通过细胞毒活性模型评价化合物抗肿瘤活性。结果 从真菌P. citrinum (15XS112ZM-18)代谢产物中分离得到8个化合物,分别为：penicillenol A1 (1),penicillenol A2 (2),penicillenol B1 (3),penicillenol B2 (4),sorbicillin (5),2",3"-dihydrosorbicillin (6),ergosterol (7)和25–Hydroxyergosta-4,6,8(14),22-tetraen-3-one (8),其中化合物4在30 μmol L-1浓度下对HL-60细胞的抑制率达到100%,其IC50值为22.97 μmol L-1。     

麻黄属植物化学成分及临床应用的研究进展

目的：阐述麻黄属植物化学成分及临床应用的研究现状,为麻黄的临床应用提供新的思路。方法：查阅麻黄属植物相关研究文献,总结其化学成分及临床应用概况。结果：麻黄中主要的化合物有麻黄碱类、挥发油类、黄酮类、多糖类和少量的有机酸。目前在麻黄属植物麻黄中麻黄碱的应用十分广泛,除以中药配方应用于临床,已有60余种化学药品以盐酸麻黄碱和盐酸伪麻黄碱作为有效成分,主治咳嗽。对其挥发油类、黄酮类的临床应用研究不多。麻黄联合化学药品共同使用,弥补了传统中药配方煎熬过程中有效成分的丢失,可以使治疗效果更明显。麻黄多糖抗炎、镇痛、对免疫的影响作用机制尚不确定,有待进一步研究。结论：麻黄作为传统中药,具有较大的药用价值,将为其临床应用提供新的思路。     

Two new sesquiterpene lactones from leaves of yacon,Smallanthus sonchifolius

The chemical constituents of 95% EtOH extract of yacon leaves were separated to yield two new sesquiterpene lactones, together with three known compounds. The two new compounds were characterized to be 8β-angeloyloxy-13-methoxyl-11, 13-dihydromelampolid-14-oic acid methyl ester (1) and 8β-(3-methylbut-2-enoyl) oxy-13-methoxyl-11, 13-dihydromelampolid-14-oic acid methyl ester (2) on the basis of NMR spectra, HR-MS and other spectroscopic methods. The cytotoxicity of compounds 1–5 were evaluated on human hepatoma cell Bel-7402 and all the compounds showed moderate cytotoxicity.     

Effect of poplar-type propolis on oxidative stability and rheological properties of O/W emulsions

Propolis is known to possess antioxidant activity. However, there is no information on this activity in emulsions O/W. The protective effect of propolis on the oxidation and rheological properties of emulsions O/W containing wheat germ and almond oils was evaluated. Emulsions O/W were prepared with different concentration of propolis extract, almond oil and wheat germ oil. All emulsions physically stable without phase separation were stored at 37?°C for 9?weeks. Chemical composition of propolis was established by Gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry. Rheological characterization of different emulsions was performed evaluating consistency index and flow behavior index. The oxidation was monitored by measuring the lipid hydroperoxides and thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (TBARS) methods. Flavonoids, phenolic acid esters, and aromatic acids were the main groups of compounds found in propolis. The results showed that popolis was good antioxidant in the concentration of 0.02 and 0.04% when lipid phase was constituted by almond oil. The rheological behavior is typical of a non-Newtonian fluid, being almond oil more adequate for having a higher stable O/W emulsion.