山茱萸组织培养技术的研究

目的:研究山茱萸茎段组织培养技术,为山茱萸优良株系的快繁建立最佳条件。方法:选择山茱萸优良母株的茎段为外植体,分别在不同的培养基中培养,形成大量丛芽,再诱导单株苗生根成为完整植株。结果与结论:茎段在WPM+6-BA2.0mg·L^-1+ZT0.1mg·L^-1+NAA0.1mg·L^-1培养基上,能形成大量丛芽;在WPM+6-BA1.0mg·L^-1+ZT0.1mg·L^-1+GA30.5mg·L^-1+NAA0.1mg·L^-1中继代培养,可获大量壮苗;切取单株苗在1/2 MS+6-BA0.1mg·L^-1+IBA1.0 mg·L^-1培养基中能生根,移栽并成活。     

苦皮藤组织培养与植株再生

目的 研究药用植物苦皮藤组织培养技术，为工厂化育苗及工业化获取苦皮藤次生代谢产物提供行之有效的途径。方法以苦皮藤子叶和胚轴为外植体，采用MS培养基，附加不同的植物激素进行实验。结果MS 2，4-D2mg／L培养基适合愈伤组织诱导；MS 6-BA2mg／L NAA0．2mg／L培养基适合芽的分化,MS 6-BA1mg／L NAA0．2mg／L培养基适合芽的增殖；将芽转至MS MET0．7mg／L IBA0．5mg／L培养基暗培养10d后，转入1／2MS培养基光下培养形成根;试管苗移栽成活率为85％。结论通过诱导愈伤组织途径可以达到快速繁殖的目的;较高浓度的2，4-D对苦皮藤愈伤组织的诱导有利；6-BA对愈伤组织的生长有明显促进作用;多效唑、暗培养对根的分化是必需的。     

植物细胞工程在中药资源保护和中药现代化中的作用

本文较全面地阐述了植物细胞工程在我国中药现代化和濒危中药材资源保护中的作用，以期为加速中药现代化进程提供一些思路。     

BALB/C小鼠免疫耐受模型建立及移植人体肺癌初步研究

目的：获得一种能移植人体肿瘤并存活的动物模型。方法：将郑氏植物蛋白（ZPP）0.1ml皮下注射BALB／C小鼠，诱导其免疫耐受性移植人体肺肿瘤组织。结果：移植肺肿瘤在模型动物体内存活，成功率可达65％（26／40），而对照组小鼠体内移植瘤全部被排斥，不能存活。结论：ZPP可引起小鼠对人体肺肿瘤细胞免疫耐受，使移植瘤成活。     

药品生产企业核心竞争力的定义与其评价体系构建

目的:定义药品生产企业核心竞争力,并构建其评价体系。方法:以"核心竞争力""医药"为中文关键词,"Core competitiveness""Pharmaceutical"为英文关键词,检索(自建立/建库至2020年6月,下同)发布在中国相关政府网站中的法规政策和解读文件,以及在PubMed、Embase、中国生物医学文献数据库、万方数据、中国期刊全文数据库和维普网等中发表的相关文献,利用循证研究方法定义药品生产企业核心竞争力和构成要素;基于上述构成要素和检索手段并补充检索指南数据库(National Guideline Clearinghouse、Guidelines International Network、Trip database、The National Institute for Health and Care Excellence)和系统评价、卫生技术评估、卫生经济学评价研究数据库(NHS Economic Evaluation Database、The Cochrane Library、HTA等),提取药品生产企业核心竞争力的产出指标,并依据科学性、层次性、可比性、综合性原则,构建药品生产企业核心竞争力的评价体系。结果与结论:药品生产企业核心竞争力的定义拟定为企业所具有的着眼国家战略需求,主动承接国家重大科技项目,引进国内外顶尖科技人才,具有自主知识产权,提升科技支撑能力,强化原始创新,增加研发投入,加强关键核心技术攻关,健全以企业为主体的产学研一体化创新机制等方面的创新型企业能力;其构成要素为原始创新、研发投入和科技人才。共提取出25个原始创新产出指标[包括创新体系(如国家级科技创新基地、国家实验室等)、创新成果(如国家自然科学奖、国家技术发明奖等)两个方面],1个研发投入产出指标(研发金额),7个生产企业科技人才产出指标(如"国家百千万人才工程"入选者、"全国杰出科技人才"奖得主等),构建了以原始创新、研发投入和科技人才为构成要素的评价体系,可为客观评价药品生产企业核心竞争力提供依据。     

Bacillus thuringiensis Spores and Cry3A Toxins Act Synergistically to Expedite Colorado Potato Beetle Mortality

The insect integument (exoskeleton) is an effective physiochemical barrier that limits disease-causing agents to a few portals of entry, including the gastrointestinal and reproductive tracts. The bacterial biopesticide Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) enters the insect host via the mouth and must thwart gut-based defences to make its way into the body cavity (haemocoel) and establish infection. We sought to uncover the main antibacterial defences of the midgut and the pathophysiological features of Bt in a notable insect pest, the Colorado potato beetle Leptinotarsa decemlineata (CPB). Exposing the beetles to both Bt spores and their Cry3A toxins (crystalline δ-endotoxins) via oral inoculation led to higher mortality levels when compared to either spores or Cry3A toxins alone. Within 12 h post-exposure, Cry3A toxins caused a 1.5-fold increase in the levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and malondialdehyde (lipid peroxidation) within the midgut – key indicators of tissue damage. When Cry3A toxins are combined with spores, gross redox imbalance and ‘oxidation stress’ is apparent in beetle larvae. The insect detoxification system is activated when Bt spores and Cry3A toxins are administered alone or in combination to mitigate toxicosis, in addition to elevated mRNA levels of candidate defence genes (pattern-recognition receptor, stress-regulation, serine proteases, and prosaposin-like protein). The presence of bacterial spores and/or Cry3A toxins coincides with subtle changes in microbial community composition of the midgut, such as decreased Pseudomonas abundance at 48 h post inoculation. Both Bt spores and Cry3A toxins have negative impacts on larval health, and when combined, likely cause metabolic derangement, due to multiple tissue targets being compromised.     

基于植物代谢组学技术的干旱及盐胁迫对黄芩中黄酮类成分影响的研究

目的 分析干旱及盐胁迫对黄芩Scutellaria baicalensis中黄酮类成分的影响.方法 运用超高液相色谱-串联四级杆飞行时间质谱(UHPLC-QTOF-MS)技术对不同干旱及盐胁迫处理组黄芩根部位的化学成分进行分析,运用主成分分析(principal components analysis,PCA)、正交偏...     

果实特异性启动子驱动的含sbr基因植物高效表达载体的构建

目的 构建果实特异性启动子驱动的含编码变形链球菌唾液粘附区(sbr)植物表达载体,进一步提高外源目的基因的表达,为研制有效的转基因植物防龋疫苗打下基础。方法提取番茄基因DNA,利用PCR技术扩增果实特异性启动子E8和2A11基因,双酶切质粒。PROP及PROSC,分别与目的基因连接,构建重组植物表达载体。结果通过双酶切鉴定,目的基因片段已正确整合到植物表达载体中。结论本实验成功构建了果实特异性启动子驱动的含sbr基因的植物表达载体。     

Soil chemistry determines whether defensive plant secondary metabolites promote or suppress herbivore growth

Plant secondary (or specialized) metabolites mediate important interactions in both the rhizosphere and the phyllosphere. If and how such compartmentalized functions interact to determine plant–environment interactions is not well understood. Here, we investigated how the dual role of maize benzoxazinoids as leaf defenses and root siderophores shapes the interaction between maize and a major global insect pest, the fall armyworm. We find that benzoxazinoids suppress fall armyworm growth when plants are grown in soils with very low available iron but enhance growth in soils with higher available iron. Manipulation experiments confirm that benzoxazinoids suppress herbivore growth under iron-deficient conditions and in the presence of chelated iron but enhance herbivore growth in the presence of free iron in the growth medium. This reversal of the protective effect of benzoxazinoids is not associated with major changes in plant primary metabolism. Plant defense activation is modulated by the interplay between soil iron and benzoxazinoids but does not explain fall armyworm performance. Instead, increased iron supply to the fall armyworm by benzoxazinoids in the presence of free iron enhances larval performance. This work identifies soil chemistry as a decisive factor for the impact of plant secondary metabolites on herbivore growth. It also demonstrates how the multifunctionality of plant secondary metabolites drives interactions between abiotic and biotic factors, with potential consequences for plant resistance in variable environments.

Organismal traits are commonly coopted for multiple functions (1–4). In complex and fluctuating environments, multifunctionality may lead to fitness trade-offs with important consequences for ecological and evolutionary dynamics (5–7).Plant secondary (or specialized) metabolites are important mediators of species interactions in natural and agricultural systems (8). Many plant secondary metabolites have been documented to protect plants against insect herbivores by acting as toxins, digestibility reducers, and/or repellents (9). Plant secondary metabolites also serve other functions: they can, for instance, act as signaling molecules (10), photoprotectants (11), antibiotics (12), soil nutrient mobilizers (13), and precursors of primary metabolites (14). Recent genetic work has highlighted that the same plant secondary metabolites may engage in multiple functions (4, 15, 16), leading to potentially important interactions between different environmental factors (6, 17). How this multifunctionality influences plant ecology and plant–insect interactions in complex environments is not well understood.The soil environment can have a major impact on plant defense expression and plant–herbivore interactions. Soil nutrients and micronutrients can reprogram plant defenses through cross talk between defense and nutrient signaling (18, 19) or by influencing soil microbes, which subsequently modulate plant defense responses (20, 21). Elements such as silicon (Si) can also act as defenses directly by forming crystals on the leaf surface (22). In addition, soil nutrients can also influence plant–herbivore interactions by changing the nutritional value of the plant to herbivores (23). Thus, plant secondary metabolites with dual functions in the rhizosphere and phyllosphere may mediate interactions between soil chemistry and herbivores (24).Benzoxazinoids are shikimic acid–derived secondary metabolites that are produced in high abundance by grasses such as wheat and maize. They evolved multiple times within the plant kingdom and are also found in various dicot families (25). Initially, benzoxazinoids were described as defense compounds that suppress and repel insect herbivores (26). Later genetic work revealed that benzoxazinoids also act as within-plant signaling compounds by initiating callose deposition upon pathogen and aphid attack (27, 28). Benzoxazinoids are also released into the rhizosphere in substantial quantities (29), where they can chelate iron (30), thus making it bioavailable (31). By consequence, benzoxazinoids can influence plant iron homeostasis. Recently, a link was documented between the iron chelating capacity and the interaction between maize plants and the western corn rootworm. This highly adapted insect is attracted by iron benzoxazinoid complexes and can use them for its own iron supply (31). Thus, it is conceivable that the multiple functions of benzoxazinoids may lead to trade-offs between their function as defenses and their functions as providers of essential micronutrients.Here, we explore how the multifunctionality of benzoxazinoids shapes interactions between soil conditions and a leaf herbivore. By comparing soils that differ in their trace element composition, we uncover that the protective effect of maize benzoxazinoids against the fall armyworm can be reversed to a susceptibility effect in certain soils. Using micronutrient analyses and manipulative laboratory experiments, we document that this phenomenon can be explained by the interaction of benzoxazinoids with free iron in the soil. We further document that iron and benzoxazinoids interact to control leaf defenses but that the benzoxazinoid-dependent susceptibility is best explained by increased iron supply to the fall armyworm. Taken together, these results provide a mechanistic link between soil properties and leaf–herbivore interactions and illustrate how plant secondary metabolite multifunctionality shapes plant–herbivore interactions.     

Antimicrobial activity of extracts from the cell cultures of some Turkish medicinal plants

Twenty‐four callus, and eleven cell suspension, cultures were established from Turkish medicinal plants, and crude extracts prepared from them tested against microorganisms to assess their antimicrobial activities in vitro. Of the extracts tested, those belonging to the cell cultures of five of the plant species showed antibacterial activity against mainly three bacteria and a yeast. No activity was observed against herpes simplex viruses, HSV‐I and II, but an extract from Hypericum capitatum showed a slight antiretroviral activity against HIV‐I. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.