Fecal incontinence,anal skin irritation,and metabolic concerns associated with pelvic pouches

Mechanical and inflammatory complications of pelvic pouch surgery have been well described but there has been limited recognition of problems such as fecal incontinence, anal skin irritation and metabolic changes that may develop after surgery. Reported rates of daytime and nighttime fecal incontinence rates are 29% and 47% respectively. We discuss strategies for managing fecal incontinence and associated anal skin irritation that can develop. Metabolic consequences of pelvic pouch surgery are also increasingly being recognized. Patients with IPAA who are doing well with no evidence of pouch inflammation have low rates of nutrient deficiencies but should be monitored for vitamin B12, vitamin D and zinc deficiencies. In contrast, patients with IPAA who develop pouchitis, diarrhea, and/or rectal bleeding are more susceptible to nutrient deficiencies and should have a broader assessment of nutrient status. In additions, there appears to be an increased risk of bone loss among patients with IPAA and thus these patients should undergo appropriate risk screening and testing. Finally, patients with IPAA have physiologic changes that predispose to formation of calcium oxalate and uric acid renal stones.     

Ceftriaxone-associated nephrolithiasis and biliary pseudolithiasis

Biliary pseudolithiasis has been reported in patients who received ceftriaxone therapy. In addition to biliary sludge formation occasional reports of ceftriaxone-induced nephrolithiasis have been published. In general, these adverse effects will develop after seven to ten days of treatment. We report on a seven-year-old boy with ceftriaxone-associated biliary pseudolithiasis and nephrolithiasis four days after initiation of treatment. Patients receiving a high dose of ceftriaxone and developing colicky abdominal pain should be considered for ultrasound and a change in antibiotic therapy if appropriate. Received: 16 February 1999 / Accepted: 9 June 1999     

美国2021版《妊娠期肾结石诊治-单中心多学科指南》解读——提高临床诊断能力，加强多学科协作管理

妊娠期肾结石是妊娠期患者非产科因素住院的常见病因,容易出现疼痛、恶心、呕吐、肾功能下降、泌尿道感染等并发症,处理不当会导致流产、早产等不良妊娠结局。美国医学中心多学科联合发布《妊娠期肾结石诊治-单中心多学科指南》,以规范妊娠期肾结石的诊治。本指南共形成10个指南推荐意见,其中4个用于指导诊断和影像学检查,6个用于指导临床治疗。值得关注的是,与国内指南相比,该指南提供了循证依据,证实了妊娠期使用低剂量CT平扫的安全性、有效性,并可以在患者病情变化且诊断不明确时优先使用,本文就以上内容对该指南展开深度解读。     

幼年大鼠静脉注射头孢曲松钠与口服钙剂相互作用的研究

目的 探讨静脉注射头孢曲松钠与口服钙剂能否联用,观察对幼年大鼠肾功能与组织结构的影响,为婴幼儿的合理用药提供依据。方法 取SD幼年大鼠80只,随机分成8组,每组10只。钙+头孢曲松钠高、中、低剂量组：先用800mg/kg CaCl2灌胃,然后尾静脉分别注射600、400和200mg/kg的头孢曲松钠。空白对照组：尾静脉给予生理盐水;头孢曲松钠高、中、低阳性对照组：尾静脉分别注射600、400和200mg/kg的头孢曲松钠;钙剂对照组：800mg/kg CaCl2灌胃。连续给药7d,7d后处死大鼠,组织病理学检测肾脏的微观形态;检测肾生化指标Cr、BUN;使用ELISA检测大鼠早期肾功能的指标：胱抑素C(CysC)、β2-微球蛋白(β2-MG)、视黄醇结合蛋白(RBP)[1]。结果 病理切片显示高剂量头孢曲松钠+钙组、高剂量头孢曲松钠阳性对照组镜下肾小管有结晶,并伴不同程度的淋巴细胞浸润、肾小管上皮细胞水肿;而中剂量头孢曲松钠+钙组出现了肾小球充血;此外,中剂量头孢曲松钠+钙组、中剂量头孢曲松钠阳性对照组也出现了肾小管上皮细胞水肿。肾功能生化指标Cr、BUN与空白对照组、钙剂对照组相比,各组间无明显差异。经单因素方差分析,与空白对照组、钙剂对照组相比,CysC、β2-MG、RBP指标组间差别有统计学差异(P<0.05),经LSD法两两比较,钙剂+高、中剂量头孢曲松钠组,高剂量头孢曲松钠阳性对照组与空白对照组、钙剂对照组相比,CysC、β2-MG、RBP指标有统计学差异(P<0.05)。钙剂+低剂量头孢曲松钠组RBP与空白对照组相比,差别有统计学差异(P<0.05)。结论 两者联用可造成早期肾功能及病理损害。     

A novel SOX9 mutation, 972delC, causes 46,XY sex-reversed campomelic dysplasia with nephrocalcinosis, urolithiasis, and dysgerminoma

An 8-year-old phenotypic female with campomelic dysplasia (CD) and 46,XY sex-reversal presented with renal colic. Medullary nephrocalcinosis, urolithiasis, and renal malrotation were diagnosed by computed tomographic scanning. Pelvic sonogram identified an enlarged left gonad. Genetic testing revealed a novel SOX9 heterozygous deletion of a cytosine at nucleotide 972 (972delC), causing a frameshift at codon 200, introducing a stop codon 18 codons further downstream (P200fsX218). At laparoscopic gonadectomy, a left dysgerminoma was removed. This first reported case of dysgerminoma in a sex-reversed patient with CD who also had urolithiasis stresses the importance of prophylactic gonadectomy and urologic evaluations in this susceptible population.     

Ureteroscopic lithotripsy combined with paravertebral block anesthesia or general anesthesia: A propensity matched case–control study

BackgroundTo evaluate the safety, efficacy and cost of paravertebral block anesthesia for ureteral stones patients undergoing ureteroscopic lithotripsy.MethodsFour hundred and eighty-two patients who underwent ureteroscopy for unilateral ureteral stones were incorporated into our retrospective study. A propensity-matched comparison in patients with paravertebral nerve block anesthesia (PVB) group and general anesthesia (GA) group was performed. Intraoperative hemodynamic parameters, operative time, visual analog scale for pain, stone-free rate, anesthetic cost and postoperative hospital stay were compared between the two groups.ResultsSixty-one GA cases were propensity matched to 61 PVB cases. In the PVB group, all the procedures were completed successfully without anesthesia conversion. Significantly less intraoperative severe hypotensive (P = 0.002) and arrhythmia (P < 0.001) episodes in PVB group. There were no significant differences in operative time (p = 0.702), initial stone-free rate (p = 0.686), and total stone-free rate (p = 0.794) between the two groups. The PVB group had lower postoperative pain and prolonged analgesia (p = 0.007). The postoperative hospital stay in the PVB group was significantly shorter (3.20 ± 0.73 vs 3.84 ± 1.32 d, p = 0.001). And the cost of anesthesia was lower in the PVB group (195.47 ± 13.01 vs 396.31 ± 36.45 US dollars, p < 0.001).ConclusionUnder PVB anesthesia, URS can be successfully completed without anesthetic transformation, and its efficacy and safety have been demonstrated. When economic aspects are taken into consideration, PVB seems to be a more economical and effective anesthetic method of URS.     

When should we give up on expectant management for patients with proximal ureteral stones?

Background:Proximal ureteral stones (PUS) have relatively low rates of spontaneous expulsion. However, some patients do well on expectant management. Our aim was to compare risk factors for surgical intervention in patients with PUS who underwent primary intervention to those subjected to expectant management.Materials and methods:We retrospectively reviewed the medical charts of patients presented to the emergency room with symptoms of renal colic and underwent computerized tomography between August 2016 and August 2017. A total of 97 consecutive patients were identified with up to 10mm PUS. We collected patient demographics, clinical, and imaging data, and performed binary regression analysis for risk of intervention.Results:The average age was 49years (range 17-97) and average stone size was 7.1mm (range 3-10). Forty-one patients underwent immediate intervention while the remaining 56 patients were treated conservatively. Of the 56 patients treated conservatively, 26 underwent delayed intervention while 30 reported spontaneous stone expulsion. On univariate analysis of all 97 patients, statistically significant risk factors for intervention were found based on stone size, age, serum lymphocyte, platelet counts, and stone density. Of these risk factors, stone size ≥ 7mm (p = 0.012, odds ratio = 5.4) and platelet count ≤ 230K/μL (p = 0.027, odds ratio = 4.9) remained statistically significant on multivariate analysis.Conclusion:Stone size and platelet count were found to be risk factors for surgical intervention in patients with up to 10mm PUS. These findings may assist in identifying patients who are more suitable for conservative approach.