Simultaneous detection of ferritin and HIV-1 in reactive microglia

Summary Using ferritin as a marker of reactive microglia, we demonstrated a close association between proliferation of reactive microglia and expression of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) in brain tissue from autopsied cases of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). An increased number of ferritin-positive reactive microglia was observed in formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded brain sections from all 13 AIDS cases examined. Similar findings were observed in brain tissue from other neurological diseases (subacute sclerosing penencephalitis, herpes simplex encephalitis and multiple sclerosis). Multinucleated giant cells were found in 7 of the AIDS cases which were also intensely labeled for ferritin. Dual-label immunohistochemistry using anti-ferritin and cell-specific markers showed that ferritin-positive cells were distinct from astrocytes, neurons and endothelia using anti-glial fibrillary acidic protein (anti-GFAP), anti-neurofilament protein and Ulex europaeus agglutinin 1, respectively. In 5 AIDS brains, only ferritin-positive cells were shown to contain HIV-1 gp41 antigen using dual-label immunohistochemistry. In addition, HIV-1 RNA was localized in territin-positive reactive microglia but not in GFAP-positive astrocytes using immunohistochemistry combined with in situ hybridization. Ferritin-positive reactive microglia and multinucleated giant cells were colabeled with the microglial marker, Ricinus communis agglutinin 1 (RCA-1). Howerver, RCA-1 also extensively stained resting microglia only a few of which were colabeled for ferritin. The density of ferritin-positive cells was correlated with the presence of HIV-1 RNA-positive cells in AIDS brain. Thus, ferritin immunoreactivity can be used as an activation marker of microglia in archival paraffin sections and reflects the extent of inflammation in HIV-1-infected brain.Supported in part by NIH Grants RO1 DA04787, RO1 HD26621, PO1 NS25569, the Biopsychosocial Center for the Study of AIDS (NIMH P50 MH 43455), the Department of Veterans Affairs, the Mary Jane Crowe Foundation, the Swedish Society of Medicine (Stockholm, Sweden), and the Multiple Sclerosis Society of Göteborg (Göteborg, Sweden)     

Detection of interleukin-1 and interleukin-6 in adult rat brain, following mechanical injury, by in vivo microdialysis: evidence of a role for microglia in cytokine production

In vivo levels of interleukin-1 (IL-1) and IL-6, present in the interstitial spaces of brain, have been repeatedly monitored up to 7 days after insertion of a microdialysis probe, designed to induce mechanical trauma to the brain. IL-1 is barely detectable immediately after implantation but over a 24-48 h period a 15-fold increase is seen. In contrast IL-6 levels at day 0 are high, increasing slightly (10%) by day 1 but decreasing to 40% by day 2. The temporal pattern of IL-6 recovery in the cerebrospinal fluid was similar to that in the dialysate but the levels were significantly lower and may reflect diffusion from the site of the probe lesion. Cellular sources of these cytokines include macrophages and neutrophils, which have infiltrated the lesion and microglia resident in the brain, which can be identified at the lesion site within 24 h of probe implantation. The astrocytic response to injury, evidenced by increased glial fibrillary acidic protein staining occurs much later, by day 7, and is unlikely to be responsible for IL-1 and IL-6 production found at 24-48 h. Since upon isolation and stimulation of microglia in vitro with lipopolysaccharide IL-1 and IL-6 can be measured in the supernatant, it would appear that they have the capacity to produce cytokines in vivo. Localised synthesis of cytokines at sites of brain injury by microglia would further stimulate microglia in an autocrine manner and also propagate the astrocytic reaction.     

小胶质细胞在脑缺血中的作用

小胶质细胞在脑缺血后炎症中起着重要作用.大量研究表明,小胶质细胞是高度可塑的细胞,可应对不同微环境信呈现不同的表型和功能.小胶质细胞可极化为经典激活的促炎性M1型或替代激活的抗炎性M2型,在缺血性损伤中起着不同的作用.抑制M1而刺激M2有可能成为缺血性卒中治疗的一个新途径.     

Tg2576小鼠海马发育过程中小胶质细胞和血管的变化

目的 探讨Tg2576转基因小鼠发育过程中海马CA1区小胶质细胞增殖和血管变化的规律。方法 取不同发育时间(P0、P7、P30、P180、P360) Tg2576转基因模型鼠与同时间点野生鼠,通过应用免疫组织化学、TUNEL、墨汁灌注、RT-PCR和透射电镜等方法研究海马发育过程中小胶质细胞和血管的变化。结果 随着小鼠的生长发育,P180后转基因组海马CA1区小胶质细胞密度和血管体密度高于对照组小鼠,RT-PCR结果显示,P360时转基因组海马CA1区小胶质细胞更多处于激活状态。 结论 小胶质细胞与血管改变的共同作用加重了阿尔茨海默病。     

Pentraxin‐3 is upregulated in the central nervous system during MS and EAE,but does not modulate experimental neurological disease

Pentraxin‐3 (PTX3), an acute‐phase protein released during inflammation, aids phagocytic clearance of pathogens and apoptotic cells, and plays diverse immunoregulatory roles in tissue injury. In neuroinflammatory diseases, like MS, resident microglia could become activated by endogenous agonists for Toll like receptors (TLRs). Previously we showed a strong TLR2‐mediated induction of PTX3 in cultured human microglia and macrophages by HspB5, which accumulates in glia during MS. Given the anti‐inflammatory effects of HspB5, we examined the contribution of PTX3 to these effects in MS and its animal model EAE. Our data indicate that TLR engagement effectively induces PTX3 expression in human microglia, and that such expression is readily detectable in MS lesions. Enhanced PTX3 expression is prominently expressed in microglia in preactive MS lesions, and in microglia/macrophages engaged in myelin phagocytosis in actively demyelinating lesions. Yet, we did not detect PTX3 in cerebrospinal fluid of MS patients. PTX3 expression is also elevated in spinal cords during chronic relapsing EAE in Biozzi ABH mice, but the EAE severity and time course in PTX3‐deficient mice did not differ from WT mice. Moreover, systemic PTX3 administration did not alter the disease onset or severity. Our findings reveal local functions of PTX3 during neuroinflammation in facilitating myelin phagocytosis, but do not point to a role for PTX3 in controlling the development of autoimmune neuroinflammation.     

缺血性卒中的病理生理级联效应

脑卒中具有高发病率、高致死率和致残率的特点,是当今危害人类生命健康的主要疾病之一。随着缺血性卒中发生机制研究的不断深入,目前已有大量研究详细阐述了缺血性卒中发生、发展的机制,该文将根据新近研究结果,对缺血性卒中发生过程中的一系列病理生理级联效应进行综述,深入理解和运用这些研究结果有利于缺血性卒中的预防、治疗和改善预后。     

抑制病理性疼痛相关胶质细胞活化药物的研究进展

背景 病理性疼痛的产生和持续机制十分复杂.近些年越来越多的研究者关注到脊髓胶质细胞在病理性疼痛中所发挥的作用,其中胶质细胞活化和增殖的抑制剂成为了研究的重点.目的 系统阐述胶质细胞在病理性疼痛中的作用和部分胶质细胞抑制剂的作用机制及研究进展.内容 胶质细胞不仅具有营养和支持作用,还参与了病理性疼痛,已有许多实验证实了应用胶质细胞抑制剂可以减弱胶质细胞的激活从而削弱疼痛反应.趋向 期望能为进一步的药物实验研究提供有价值的思路和借鉴.     

脊髓背角小胶质细胞组织蛋白酶S在大鼠骨癌痛维持中的作用

目的 探讨脊髓背角小胶质细胞组织蛋白酶S(CatS)在大鼠骨癌痛维持中的作用.方法 雌性未交配SD大鼠50只,4～6周龄,体重150～ 180 g,采用随机数字表法,将其分为5组(n=10):假手术组(S组)、骨癌痛组(BCP组)、假手术+CatS抑制剂吗啉亮氨酸高苯丙氨酸乙烯基苯基砜(LHVS)组(S+L组)、骨癌痛+二甲基亚砜组(BCP+D组)和骨癌痛+LHVS组(BCP+L组).左侧胫骨骨髓腔内接种浓度为2×107/ml Walker256细胞5μl制备大鼠骨癌痛模型.分别于造模后10、11、12d时S+L组和BCP+L组鞘内注射LHVS 50 nmol/10l,1次/d,BCP+D组给予等容量二甲基亚砜.分别于造模前1d(基础状态)及造模后3、6、9、10、11、12 d(T0-6)测定机械缩爪反应阈(MWT),分别于鞘内给药前、鞘内给药后0.5、1.0、3.0、6.0、9.0、12.0、24.0 h时测定(MWT).处死大鼠,取L4-6脊髓组织,采用免疫组化法测定OX-42表达.结果 与S组比较,BCP组、BCP+D组和BCP+L组T2-6时MWT降低,脊髓背角OX-42表达上调(P＜0.01),S+L组MWT和脊髓背角OX-42表达差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05);与BCP组比较,BCP+L组T4-6时MWT升高,脊髓背角OX-42表达下调(P＜0.01),BCP+D组MWT和脊髓背角0X-42表达差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).S+L组和BCP+D组鞘内给药后3.0、6.0、9.0h时MWT低于BCP+D组(P＜0.01).结论 脊髓背角小胶质细胞CatS激活参与了大鼠骨癌痛的维持.     

尼古丁对BV-2小胶质细胞α7烟碱型乙酰胆碱受体、小胶质细胞P2X4受体表达和脑源性神经营养因子释放的影响

目的观察尼古丁对BV-2小胶质α7烟碱型乙酰胆碱受体（α7nicotine acetyleholine receptor,α7nAChR）、小胶质细胞P2X4受体（P2X4receptor,P2X4R）表达和脑源性神经营养因子（brain derived neurotrophic factor,BDNF）释放的影响,以探讨小胶质细胞参与尼古丁所致痛觉过敏的可能分子机制。方法①BV-2小胶质细胞接种在含12mm圆形盖玻片无菌12孔板,待细胞处于对数生长期,完全随机分为2组：α7nAChR组和P2X4R组。免疫荧光标记检测α7nAChR和P2X4R在BV-2小胶质细胞上的表达。②当12孔板中BV-2细胞处于对数生长期,完全随机分为4组：尼古丁实验组（N组）,尼古丁终浓度为100μm／L;无血清培养基培养的空白对照组（C组）;尼古丁拮抗剂组（NM组）,10nmol／L甲基牛扁碱（methyllycaconitine,MLA）预孵育30min,改用含尼古丁的无血清培养基培养;单纯拮抗剂组（M组）,10nmol／LMLA预孵育30min,改用无血清培养基培养。培养72h后收集各组细胞。应用实时荧光定量PCR（real-timequantitativePCR,RT-qPCR）检测α7nAChRmRNA和P2X4RmRNA表达量的变化,Westernblot检测α7nAChR和P2X4R蛋白表达量的变化。③当12孔板中细胞处于对数生长期,完全随机分为4组：正常对照组（Control组）、尼古丁预处理＋DMEM组（Nicotine＋DMEM组）、尼古丁预处理＋激动剂组（Nieotine＋ATP组）,尼古丁预处理＋拮抗剂组（Nicotine＋5-BDBD组）。其中激动剂和拮抗剂由DMEM无血清培养基稀释,在尼古丁处理72h后加入,各组总体积保持一致,24h后ELISA检测培养液中BDNF释放量。结果①免疫荧光标记结果显示BV-2细胞存在α7nAChR和P2X4R的阳性表达。②RT-qPCR结果显示尼古丁可上调BV-2细胞α7nAChRmRNA和P2X4RmRNA的表达,α7nAChR特异性拮抗剂MLA可抑制α7nAChRmRNA和P2X4RmRNA表达的上调;Westernblot结果显示尼古丁处理可使BV-2细胞α7nAChR和P2X4R蛋白的表达上调,α7nAChR特异性拮抗剂MLA可抑制α7nAChR和P2X4R蛋白表达的上调。③ELISA检测培养液中BDNF含量结果显示：Nieofine＋ATP组较Nieofine＋DMEM组和Control组显著增多（P〈0．05）,Nicotine＋DMEM组较Control组增多（P〈0．05）;Nicotine＋5-BDBD组较Nicotine＋DMEM组和Control组显著减少（P〈0．05）.结论尼古丁可能通过α7nAChR上调小胶质细胞上P2X4R的表达进而通过BDNF的释放引起痛觉过敏的产生。     

脊髓小胶质细胞在SD大鼠骨癌痛中的变化

目的 观察SD大鼠一侧胫骨注射同系Walker 256癌细胞后脊髓小胶质细胞的变化.方法 腹水传代Walker 256癌细胞种植于大鼠一侧胫骨建立骨癌痛模型,25只雌性SD大鼠,体质量150～180 g,随机均分为5组:对照组(N)、热杀死肿瘤细胞组(K)、骨癌痛早期组(C1,种植后第6天)、骨癌痛中期组(C2,种植后第12天)、骨癌痛晚期组(C3,种植后第18天).结果 骨癌痛大鼠在出现自发痛行为与机械性痛觉过敏的同时,两侧脊髓L4～L6 OX-42免疫组织化学染色显著增强,细胞明显增大,染色加深,与N组及K组比较,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05,P<0.01);OX-42染色增强以C1组最为显著,术后第6～18天逐步降低,C1组与C2或C3组比较,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05,P<0.01).结论 胫骨注射Walker 256癌细胞后激活脊髓小胶质细胞;小胶质细胞在两侧脊髓灰质后角均有激活,反映了本模型骨癌痛特征中"镜像痛"的产生机制;小胶质细胞在骨癌痛早期激活最为明显.