Eph and Ephrin Signaling in Mammary Gland Morphogenesis and Cancer

The Eph family of receptor tyrosine kinases and their membrane-bound ligands, the ephrins, play a central role in pattern formation during embryonic development and there is growing evidence that they are also instrumental in the control of tissue dynamics in the adult. The mammary gland is a paradigm for morphogenic processes occurring in the adult, since the gland develops predominantly postnatally and is subjected to continuous cyclic remodeling according to functional demands. Thus, pattern formation and the establishment of a functional organ structure are permanent themes in the mammary gland life cycle. In this paper we summarize the experimental evidence and discuss possible mechanisms by which Ephs and ephrins are modulating mammary epithelial cell adhesion, communication, and migration. Furthermore, we speculate on the different aspects of their influence on normal mammary gland development, function, and carcinogenesis.     

乳腺癌近癌和远癌组织基因突变的临床病理研究

目的：通过观察乳腺癌周组织癌基因与抑癌基因表达,为科学确定乳腺癌局部切除范围提供一定的理论参考依据。方法：通过光镜和免疫组化方法观察104例乳腺癌手术后标本近癌和远癌组织的癌浸润,c-erbB-2,P53的表达情况。结果：104例乳腺癌术后标本中,“近癌区”和“远癌区”癌浸润率分别为21．2％,5．78％,c-erbB-2在阳性癌组织的近,远癌组织中的表达率分别为53．6％,16．3％,c-erbB-2在癌周的阳性表达与肿瘤大小无关。P53阳性癌组织的近、远癌组织中P53均为阴性。结论：乳腺癌局部切除范围除应考虑形态学的改变外还应考虑基因学上已有“突变”的乳腺组织。     

桂林地区BPH并前列腺炎的发病及治疗情况调查

目的：调查前列腺增生（BPH）患者并发前列腺炎的发病及治疗情况。方法：对桂林地区2152例BPH患者询问病史,并作前列腺液常规、前列腺B超、血清前列腺特异抗原（PSA）及尿常规等检查。结果：2152例患者中只有385例患者存在前列腺炎,占17．9％,其中87例患者有较明显的前列腺炎症状,35例患者曾诊断为前列腺炎并进行过间断治疗。结论：目前对BPH患者并发前列腺炎的诊断及治疗均不理想,应引起临床医师的高度重视。     

绕乳头基底部乳晕切口在隆乳术中的应用

目的总结应用绕乳头基底部乳晕切口行假体隆乳术的临床体会。方法自2005年1月至2006年7月，对106例求美者应用绕乳头基底部乳晕切口行假体隆乳手术，并对手术方法及术后1～18个月的随访进行了总结。结果绕乳头基底部乳晕切口易于假体置入，手术操作灵活方便；术后乳晕部的剥离范围内感觉障碍较轻微，乳头感觉良好，切口瘢痕较隐蔽。结论绕乳头基底部乳晕切口的假体隆乳术较传统乳晕缘切口有较多的优点，此方法值得在临床上推广应用。     

良性前列腺增生患者膀胱内前列腺突入测定的临床意义

目的探讨良性前列腺增生（BPH）患者前列腺突入膀胱内的程度对膀胱出口梗阻及逼尿肌功能的预测与评价。方法以经腹超声证实前列腺突入膀胱内的BPH患者为研究组,无突入的患者为对照组,分析两组间临床资料及尿动力学检查结果的关系。结果研究组临床资料中,前列腺体积、残余尿量、急性尿潴留及膀胱小梁化的比率与对照组相比差异有统计学意义（p〈0．05）,膀胱内前列腺突入程度与前列腺体积、残余尿量呈正相关（r分别为0．401,0．342,p值分别为0．013,0．0231）;在尿动力学结果中,研究组排尿期最大尿流率（Qmax）、逼尿肌不稳定及低顺应性膀胱的比率与对照组相比差异显著（p〈0．01）,排尿期最大逼尿肌压力（Pdet.max）及梗阻指数显著高于对照组（p〈0．05）,膀胱内前列腺突入程度与Qmax呈负相关（r=-0．284,p=0．045）,与Pdet．max及膀胱出口梗阻指数（BOOI）呈正相关（r分别为0．252,0．456,p值分别为0．041,0．032）。结论前列腺突入膀胱的BPH患者膀胱出口梗阻及膀胱功能受损的程度明显高于无突入患者;经B超测定膀胱内前列腺突入的程度,可以预测及评价膀胱出口梗阻的程度和膀胱功能的改变。     

乳腺三角瓣交叉支撑法矫治乳头内陷

目的介绍一种矫治乳头内陷的新方法。方法采用乳头基底部乳腺组织三角瓣,交叉缝合支撑乳头基底,防止乳头内陷,保持乳头外凸形态。结果应用本方法矫治乳头内陷13例24侧,效果满意。随访2~8个月,乳头功能正常,外形、高度均理想,无回缩。结论本方法简单安全,效果持久,均能获得满意的效果。     

Hedgehog Signaling in Mammary Gland Development and Breast Cancer

The Hedgehog pathway is critical for many developmental processes, including the formation of several epidermal appendages. In the mammary gland strict regulation of the Hedgehog pathway is required for normal development. Alterations in Hedgehog signaling result in defects in both the embryonic and postnatal mammary gland. Activation of Hedgehog signaling either by mutation or misexpression of pathway members can lead to the development and/or progression of cancers in multiple organs. This review addresses the current understanding and controversies of Hedgehog signaling in mammary gland development and its potential role in promoting breast carcinogenesis and cancer progression.     

喉返神经解剖在甲状腺手术中的应用研究

目的探讨解剖喉返神经在甲状腺手术中的应用。方法回顾分析因甲状腺疾病行手术治疗的236例患者的临床资料,共施行甲状腺手术335侧次;甲组101例行甲状腺手术158侧次,术中均未解剖喉返神经,其中57例行双侧甲状腺手术。乙组135例行甲状腺手术同时解剖喉返神经177侧次,其中42例因双侧甲状腺手术而行双侧喉返神经解剖。结果喉返神经损伤均发生在切除甲状腺范围包含背侧腺体时。甲组暂时性损伤2例,永久性损伤1例,损伤率为1.9%;乙组暂时性损伤1例,无永久性损伤病例,损伤率为0.56%;两组差异有统计学意义(χ2=0.382,P<0.01)。结论甲状腺手术中解剖喉返神经能减少喉返神经的损伤,切除背侧腺体时应常规解剖喉返神经。     

Prospective Study Comparing Two Brands of Cohesive Gel Breast Implants with Anatomic Shape: 5-Year Follow-Up Evaluation

BACKGROUND : The new generation of breast implants has an anatomic shape. These implants are made with a textured shell and filled with a cohesive silicone gel. Available since 1993 except in the United States, these implants are gaining in popularity for breast enlargement and reconstruction. This prospective, randomized, controlled, and blinded study was designed to compare mid- and long-term results with the use of cohesive gel-filled implants from two different manufacturers: Style 410 of the McGhan brand (MG) made by Allergan and Vertex made by Eurosilicone (ES). METHODS: From May 1997 to May 1999, 80 women underwent breast augmentation: 40 with Style 410 implants (MG) and 40 with Vertex implants (ES). All surgeries were performed by the same surgeon (I.N.). Another physician (G.J.) interviewed and examined 64 of these women (80%) 4 to 6 years (median, 5 years) after implantation. In addition, 10 patients responded to the same questionnaire and were interviewed by phone, bringing the follow-up rate to 92.5%. RESULTS: Overall, satisfaction was high, with 98.6% of the patients evaluated after 4 to 6 years "very satisfied" or "satisfied" with the result in general. Approximately 20% of the patients who responded judged their breasts to be firmer than desirable. Breast augmentation classification (BAC) was used to grade the breast firmness of the 64 patients examined by G. J. At examination, 24% of patients had soft breasts, 53% had slightly firm breasts, and 23% had moderately firm breasts. That last category also was classified as capsular contracture. No patient was graded as having very hard breasts (BAC 4). Skin sensitivity of the breast adjacent to the incision was altered for 25% of the patients. The implant rotated in four patients (5%). Breast firmness, implant palpability, nipple sensitivity, and skin sensitivity were further analyzed by implant location (submuscular vs subglandular) and implant size (volume). Frequency of the breast asymmetries and the impact of augmentation on asymmetric breasts also was studied. All these analyses were performed with the entire pool of examined patients who answered the follow-up questionnaire. Data also were analyzed by distinguishing between results of the two each implant manufacturers. The results showed no difference between the Eurosilicone and McGhan implants except for the self-evaluation of "breast consistency" by the patient. A higher percentage of patients with the Vertex implants than with the McGhan implants reported that their breast was "firmer than desired." CONCLUSIONS: Breast augmentation with anatomic, textured, cohesive silicone gel-filled implants is a reliable procedure with consistently good results. The results also show that candidates for breast enlargement should be informed that their implanted breast may feel firmer than their natural breasts. They also may experience reduced sensation of their nipple or breast skin.     

先天乳腺不发育伴轻度鸡胸行隆乳术治疗的临床效果评价

目的 评价隆乳术治疗先天乳腺不发育、乳腺发育不良及胸大肌发育不良伴轻度鸡胸畸形临床效果.方法 对10例先天乳腺不发育、乳腺发育不良及胸大肌发育不良伴轻度鸡胸的女性行隆乳术.先在体表标出剥离范围及畸形部位,经双腋窝切口,直达皮下组织,向内分离至胸大肌外侧缘,于胸大肌后间隙,置入硅凝胶乳房假体.结果 10例于隆乳术后,随访1年,均未见发生局部感染、假体移位、心肺功能异常等并发症,前胸壁鸡胸畸形外观有明显改善.结论 应用隆乳术治疗先天性乳腺不发育、乳腺发育不良及胸大肌发育不良并伴有轻度鸡胸,操作方便、手术损伤小、效果满意.既美化乳房外观又掩饰了鸡胸畸形,具有双重手术效果,值得推广.