桃红四物汤调控巨噬细胞极化对肩袖损伤的机制研究

目的基于白介素(IL)-4/信号传导及转录激活蛋白(STAT)6信号通路调控巨噬细胞极化,利用小鼠动物模型探讨桃红四物汤对肩袖撕裂术后愈合的影响及其作用机制。 方法将50只C57BL/6J小鼠随机分为空白对照组、肩袖损伤组(模型组)及桃红四物汤低、中、高剂量组,每组10只。除对照组外,其他组小鼠均构建肩袖撕裂重建模型。术后预防感染并正常饲养12周,桃红四物汤组小鼠灌胃相应药液,每次每只小鼠灌胃量均为2 ml;对照组每日清晨予等体积生理盐水;连续给药12周,1次/d。末次给药24 h后,进行冈上肌腱生物力学刚度测试;采用酶联免疫吸附测定法(ELISA)检测小鼠血清一氧化氮合酶(iNOS)、IL-6、甘露糖受体(CD206)的含量;采用实时定量PCR(RT-PCR)技术检测小鼠腱骨界面组织IL-1β、肿瘤坏死因(TNF)子-α、IL-10、炎症区域分子1(Fizz1)mRNA表达;采用Western Blot法检测腱骨界面组织iNOS、精氨酸酶-1(Arg-1)、IL-4、STAT6、磷酸化- STAT 6(p-STAT6)蛋白含量。多组间数据比较采用单因素方差分析,组间两两比较采用LSD-t检验。 结果用药干预后与肩袖损伤组比较,桃红四物汤各个剂量组拉断载荷、刚度测试数值上调(F＝64.822、58.431,均为P<0.05);iNOS、IL-6(M1极化标志物)水平下调(F＝82.618、61.372,均为P<0.05),CD206(M2极化标志物)水平上调(F＝58.942,P<0.05);桃红四物汤中、高剂量组IL-1β、TNF-mRNA(M1极化标志物)的表达下调(F＝38.631、33.714,均为P<0.05),而IL-10、Fizz1 mRNA(M2极化标志物)的表达上调(F＝41.731、67.431,均为P<0.05)。桃红四物汤低、中、高剂量组Arg1、IL-4、p-STAT6的蛋白表达上调(F＝26.841、29.750、26.863,均为P<0.05)。 结论桃红四物汤可促进肩袖撕裂小鼠的肌腱愈合,其机制可能与IL-4/STAT6信号通路调控巨噬细胞极化有关。     

氯膦酸二钠脂质体对大鼠重症急性胰腺炎肺损伤的影响及与Akt、MAPK（ERK1/2）通路的关系

目的:探讨氯膦酸二钠脂质体(LC)对大鼠重症急性胰腺炎(SAP)肺损伤的影响及与Akt、MAPK(ERK1/2)通路的关系。方法:将48只SD大鼠随机均分为假手术组、SAP模型组(模型组)、SAP模型+LC处理组(LC组),后两组采用膜下注射5%牛磺胆酸钠制作SAP模型,并分别于造模后尾静脉注射空白脂质体与LC。各组分别于术后2、6h后检测血清淀粉酶(AMS)、IL-6、TNF-α的含量,观察肺组织病理学变化,及肺组织中Akt和MAPK(ERK1/2)的表达。结果:与假手术组比较,模型组与LC组血清AMS、IL-6及TNF-α含量、肺组织病理学评分,肺组织Akt和MAPK(ERK1/2)表达水平均明显升高,且均随时间延长而更加明显(均P0.05),但LC组的上述指标在各时间点上均明显低于模型组(均P0.05)。结论:LC有减轻大鼠SAP肺损伤的作用,机制可能与肺泡巨噬细胞吞噬LC后,Akt和MAPK(ERK1/2)信号通路抑制,从而减少炎症细胞因子的释放有关。     

Antigen presentation and transfer between B cells and macrophages

B cells play an active role in directing immunity against specific proteins in part because of their capacity to sequester antigen via B cell receptor (BCR). Our prior findings indicate that B cells can initiate an immune response in vivo to self proteins independent of other antigen-presenting cells (APC). However, these studies also demonstrated that both dendritic cells and macrophages are important in the ongoing immune response. The present work illustrates a mechanism by which antigen acquired by B cells through BCR is specifically transferred to other APC, in particular, macrophages. The transfer of antigen is dependent on the specificity of BCR and requires direct contact between the cells, but does not require MHC compatibility between the cells and is independent of the activation state of macrophages. Antigen transfer is functional, in that macrophages, which received B cell derived-antigen, can activate CD4 T cells. Overall, these results define a novel mechanism by which B cells can focus immunity toward a specific antigen and transfer the ability to activate CD4 T cells to other APC.     

乳腺癌新辅助化疗前后肿瘤相关巨噬细胞相关基因变化的生物信息学分析

背景与目的 乳腺癌是全球女性发病率最高的恶性肿瘤,化疗是乳腺癌最重要的治疗方式之一,最近的研究表明,化疗可能通过增强肿瘤微环境中的抗肿瘤免疫力来发挥抗肿瘤效应。因此,本研究通过生物信息学分析明确乳腺癌患者新辅助化疗（NAC）前后肿瘤相关巨噬细胞（TAMs）及相关基因的变化,评估NAC对乳腺癌患者免疫影响。方法 GEO数据库输入“Breast Cancer”,“TAMs”,“Chemotherapy”进行检索,选择人乳腺癌组织的GSE134600数据集进行分析。通过R包（limma函数）筛选乳腺癌患者NAC前后组织样本中差异表达基因（DEGs）。对所有DEGs进行GO功能富集和KEGG通路分析。通过Cytoscape软件对DEGs进行蛋白互作网络可视化,并筛选关键核心基因,通过cBioPortal对10个关键基因进行突变分析。使用R包（CIBERSORT）对GSE134600数据中的免疫细胞分布及相关性进行评估。结果 鉴定出751个乳腺癌NAC前后DEGs（409个上调基因和342个下调基因）。通过GO富集分析DEGs的生物过程（BP）、细胞组分（CC）和分子功能（MF）。在BP中主要富集在I型干扰素（IFN-I）信号通路/病毒应答与防御和病毒生命周期方面;在CC中主要富集在细胞膜的外在成分和细胞膜的细胞质侧方面;在MF中主要富集在细胞因子受体结合、双链RNA结合和脂肽结合方面。KEGG通路富集分析中,DEGs主要富集在甲型H1N1流感、麻疹、丙型肝炎、冠状病毒病COVID-19、NF-κB信号通路、EBV病毒感染、NOD样受体信号通路和阿米巴病信号通路。通过CytoHubba插件筛选出乳腺癌NAC前后TAMs相互作用程度最高的前10个关键基因：IFIT1、ISG15、MX1、MX2、IRF7、RSAD2、IFIT3、IFI35、IFI6、IFITM1。多组学分析发现IFIT1、MX1和MX2主要发生缺失突变,IFIT1主要发生基因深度删除,而MX1和MX2主要发生基因扩增。NAC后乳腺癌组织中M0巨噬细胞、CD8⁺T细胞及M2巨噬细胞含量减少,M0巨噬细胞与记忆性B细胞成正相关（r=0.64）,与未活化的CD4⁺记忆性T细胞呈负相关（r=-0.66）。结论 所发现的乳腺癌患者NAC前后TAMs相关的DEGs与干扰素信号通路密切相关,提示干扰素信号通路在NAC可能通过改变TAMs而发挥重要作用。同时NAC前后M0巨噬细胞发生明显改变,提示化疗可能通过改变M0巨噬细胞分布及免疫功能调节对肿瘤的免疫应答。     

Atorvastatin inhibits CXCR7 induction to reduce macrophage migration

We have recently reported that CXCR7, the alternate high affinity SDF-1 receptor, is induced during monocyte-to-macrophage differentiation, leading to increased macrophage phagocytosis linked to atherosclerosis. Statins, the most widely used medications for atherosclerosis, were shown to have pleiotropic beneficial effects independent of their cholesterol-lowering activity. This study aimed to determine whether induction of CXCR7 during macrophage differentiation is inhibited by statins and its significance on macrophage physiology. Here we show for the first time that atorvastatin dose-dependently inhibited CXCR7 mRNA and protein expression in THP-1 macrophages, without affecting the other SDF-1 receptor, CXCR4. Pharmacotherapy relevant dose of atorvastatin affected neither cell viability nor macrophage differentiation. Suppression of CXCR7 expression was completely reversed by supplementation with mevalonate. Inhibition of squalene synthase, the enzyme committed to cholesterol biosynthesis, also decreased CXCR7 induction, albeit not as efficacious as atorvastatin. However, the geranylgeranyl transferase inhibitor, GGTI-286, the farnesyl transferase inhibitor, FTI-276, and the Rho kinase inhibitor, Y-27632, all failed to mimic the effect of atorvastatin, suggesting that the protein prenylation pathways are not critical for atorvastatin inhibition of CXCR7 induction. Interestingly, the dramatic effect of atorvastatin was only partially mimicked by other statins including pravastatin, fluvastatin, mevastatin, and simvastatin. Furthermore, activation of CXCR7 by SDF-1, TC14012, or I-TAC all prompted macrophage migration, which was significantly suppressed by atorvastatin treatment, but not by the CXCR4 antagonist. We conclude that atorvastatin modulates macrophage migration by down-regulating CXCR7 expression, suggesting a new CXCR7-dependent mechanism of atorvastatin to benefit atherosclerosis treatment beyond its lipid lowering effect.     

人周围血单核细胞载脂蛋白E基因表达的竞争性逆转录-聚合酶链反应定量分析

为建立人周围血单核细胞载脂蛋白E基因表达检测方法,研究载脂蛋白E基因与儿童健康的关系,我们抽取26例健康儿童外周静脉血,分离血单核细胞,抽提RNA,采用逆转录-聚合酶链式反应检测载脂蛋白E基因表达,并以正常人cDNA作定量标准物,待测样品与定量标准物共扩增,计算出待测样本的个体的mRNA量.研究发现载脂蛋白E基因能在健康儿童周围血单核细胞表达,健康儿童载脂蛋白E基因表达量为0.37±0.15 mol/mol mRNA.表明采用竞争性逆转录-聚合酶链反应方法来检测人周围血单核细胞载脂蛋白E基因表达的分析方法快速、简便、灵敏、实用、可靠,且能准确定量,值得推广应用.     

Pioglitazone, a peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma agonist, attenuates myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury in mice with metabolic disorders

Although considerable attention has focused on obesity, insulin resistance and abnormal lipid metabolism as coronary risk factors, it remains unclear how these pathogenic factors affect the inflammatory response after myocardial ischemia-reperfusion. This study was conducted to evaluate whether these metabolic disorders exacerbate myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury, and to determine if ischemia-reperfusion injury could be modified with the thiazolidinedione, pioglitazone. Experiments were performed in KK-A^y and C57BL/6J mice subjected to 40 min of ischemia followed by reperfusion. Infiltration of inflammatory cells in ischemic myocardium, and infarct size 3 days after reperfusion were significantly higher in KK-A^y than C57BL/6J mice (p < 0.05 and p < 0.001, respectively). Furthermore, expression of chemokines, inflammatory cytokines and extracellular matrix proteins in ischemic myocardium was significantly higher in KK-A^y than C57BL/6J mice 1 day after reperfusion. Pioglitazone treatment of KK-A^y mice for 14 days significantly reduced the accumulation of inflammatory cells in ischemic myocardium, and infarct size 3 days after reperfusion compared to vehicle treatment (p < 0.05 and p < 0.05, respectively). Pioglitazone also attenuated expression of chemokines, inflammatory cytokines and extracellular matrix proteins in ischemic myocardium 1 day after reperfusion. In vitro experiments demonstrated that tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) was significantly higher in cultured peritoneal macrophages from KK-A^y than C57BL/6J mice, and pioglitazone significantly reduced TNF-α in macrophages from both types of mice. These findings suggest that metabolic disorders exacerbate ischemia-reperfusion injury as a result of overexpression of inflammatory mediators, and this effect might be improved, in part by the anti-inflammatory effects of pioglitazone.     

抗巨噬细胞表面分子Mac-1单克隆抗体对利什曼原虫入侵巨噬细胞的抑制作用

应用抗巨噬细胞表面分子Mac-1单克隆抗体（M1／70和M18／2）处理巨噬细胞，观察M1／70和M18／2对杜氏利曼原虫前鞭毛体入侵巨噬细胞的抑制作用。结果，经上述单抗处理后巨噬细胞，对杜氏利什曼原虫的易感性明显降低，其原虫感染率和受染巨噬细胞内入侵的原虫数量减低，原虫对巨噬细胞的入侵过程及速度也减慢。M1／70和M18／2两种单抗同时应用，则对原虫侵入巨噬细胞的抑制作用更为显著，巨噬细胞受染率为13．8％，且受染巨噬细胞内入侵的原虫数量大多仅有1～2个。提示，M1／70和M18／2单克隆抗体可以通过与巨噬细胞表面Mac－1的结合，干扰巨噬细胞表面分子上与利什曼原虫相结合的连接位点，抑制利什曼原虫对巨噬细胞的入侵。     

Peritoneal exudate cells from long-lived rats exhibit increased IL-10/IL-1β expression ratio and preserved NO/urea ratio following LPS-stimulation in vitro

In humans, usual aging, differently from successful aging, is associated with deregulation of proinflammatory/anti-inflammatory cytokine balance. The corresponding data from rat studies are limited. Therefore, we examined (i) cytokine messenger RNA (mRNA) profile of fresh peritoneal cells from 6- (adult), 24- (old), and 31-month-old (long-lived) AO rats and (ii) proinflammatory (IL-1β and IL-6) and anti-inflammatory (IL-10) cytokine, NO, and urea production in their LPS-stimulated cultures. Comparing with adult rats, cells from old ones expressed lower amount of TNF-α and IL-6 mRNAs, but greater amount of IL-1β mRNA. On the other hand, cells from long-lived rats exhibited a dramatic increase in IL-10 mRNA expression followed by diminished TNF-α and IL-6 mRNA expression, and comparable expression of IL-1β mRNA relative to adult rats. Consequently, IL-10/IL-1β mRNA ratio was greater in cells from long-lived rats than in adult and old rats. In LPS-stimulated peritoneal cell cultures (contained ≥95 % macrophages) from old rats, concentration of common proinflammatory cytokines was higher than in those from adult rats. Comparing with adult and old rats, in LPS-stimulated macrophage cultures from long-lived rats, TNF-α and IL-6 concentrations were lower; IL-1β concentration was comparable or greater (in respect to adult rats), whereas that of IL-10 was strikingly higher. Consistently, in macrophage cultures from long-lived rats, NO (iNOS activity marker)/urea (arginase activity marker) ratio was less and not different from that in old and adult rats, respectively. The study suggests that macrophages from long-lived rats, differently from those of old ones, have substantial ability to limit proinflammatory mediator production, which may contribute to their longevity.     

Clinical features and monocyte/macrophage subsets characterization in granulomatous vs non-granulomatous Crohn’s disease

Abstract

Aims: Granuloma, mainly composed of macrophages, is a histological feature of Crohn’s disease (CD). However, its significance in CD has not been investigated adequately. Our study aims to address this issue by comparing the clinical manifestations and monocyte/macrophage subtypes between granulomatous and non-granulomatous CD.

Materials and methods: Demographics, symptoms, endoscopic manifestations, histopathological features, and Montreal classification of patients with and without granulomas were compared. Flow cytometry was used to determine the phagocytosis and subsets of monocytes. ELISA was used to measure the plasma levels of TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β, IL-10, CCL22, and TGF-β1. Immunohistochemistry was performed to quantify the expression of CD68, CD163 and iNOS.

Results: Of the222?CD patients enrolled, granulomas were detected in 90. Compared with non-granulomatous CD patients, those with granulomas had younger age, increased rates of diarrhea and perianal complications, along with higher endoscopic score. Intestinal stenosis and crypt abscess were more frequently observed in granulomatous CD patients. A defective phagocytosis of monocytes was observed in granulomatous CD patients. Meanwhile, higher percentages of intermediate and non-classic monocytes, with a lower percentage of classic monocyte were found in them. Besides, they had higher levels of TGF-β1 and IL-10, a lower level of TNF-α, an increased ratio of CD163⁺/CD68⁺cells, and a decreased ratio of iNOS⁺/CD68⁺ cells.

Conclusions: Granulomatous CD patients exhibited different manifestations compared with their non-granulomatous counterparts. More aggressive therapy may be needed in granulomatous CD patients. Furthermore, the heterogeneity of monocyte/macrophage subsets and altered plasma cytokine may underlie the difference between those two groups.