Tamibarotene Improves Hippocampus Injury Induced by Focal Cerebral Ischemia-Reperfusion via Modulating PI3K/Akt Pathway in Rats

Goal: The present study aimed to examine whether Am80 (tamibarotene) protects the hippocampus against cerebral ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury and whether phosphoinositide-3-kinase/Akt (PI3K/Akt) pathway mediates this effect. Materials and methods: Rats were subjected to 90 minutes of middle cerebral artery occlusion followed by 24 hours of reperfusion. The animals were randomly divided into 7 groups: sham-operated group; I/R group; groups pretreated with 2 mg/kg, 6 mg/kg, and 10 mg/kg of Am80; Am80 (6 mg/kg) combined with the selective PI3K inhibitor wortmannin (0.6 mg/kg), and wortmannin (0.6 mg/kg) only group. After 24 hours of reperfusion, neurological deficits and infarct volume were measured. Pathological changes in hippocampal neurons were analyzed by transmission electron microscopy. Neuronal survival was examined by TUNEL staining. The expression of Bcl-2, Bax, and Akt, and Akt phosphorylation (p-Akt) were measured by Western blotting and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. Findings: The pretreatment with Am80 improved the neurologic deficit score, reduced infarct volume, and decreased the number of TUNEL-positive cells in the hippocampus. Moreover, Am80 pretreatment downregulated the expression of Bax, upregulated the expression of Bcl-2, and increased the level of p-Akt. Wortmannin abolished in part the increase in p-Act and the neuroprotective effect exerted on the ischemic by Am80 pretreatment. Conclusions: Our results documented that Am80 pretreatment protects ischemic hippocampus after cerebral I/R by regulating the expression of apoptosis-related proteins through the activation of the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway.     

鲁伯嗣治疗小儿急惊风四法

总结鲁伯嗣治疗小儿急惊风平肝、清心、健脾、滋肾四法:急则治标,截风定搐,治之在肝;清热安神,定惊止抽,治之在心;豁痰除涎,祛邪止惊,治之在脾;滋补真阴,固本止抽,治之在肾。     

不同产地和不同品种枸杞子中多糖成分测定

目的 通过比较19批不同产地宁夏枸杞果实和3批北方枸杞果实的总糖含量、重均相对分子质量（M_w）及单糖组成,探索枸杞中多糖成分的差异性。方法 采用水提醇沉法获得22批枸杞的粗多糖成分,以葡萄糖为对照品,采用苯酚-硫酸法测定总糖含量;Shodex SB-806 HQ型凝胶柱和Shodex SB-804 HQ型凝胶柱串联,流动相为0.1%氯化钠溶液,柱温为40 ℃,柱流速为0.5 mL·min^–1,采用凝胶渗透色谱-示差检测器-多角度激光光散射法（GPC-RI-MALLS）测定M_w及分布系数;选择Zorbax Eclipse XDB C₁₈色谱柱（250 mm×4.6 mm,5 μm）,流动相为乙腈-磷酸二氢钾溶液,柱温为35 ℃,流速为1.0 mL·min^–1,检测波长为250 nm,采用1-苯基-3-甲基-5-吡唑啉酮（PMP）柱前衍生化-高效液相色谱-光电二极管阵列检测器（HPLC-PDA）测定单糖组成,同时建立单糖组成指纹图谱。结果 22批枸杞样品中粗多糖成分的质量分数为3.24%~8.66%,M_w为0.733×10⁶~3.191×10⁶;多糖成分均由9种单糖组成,其中阿拉伯糖含量最高。结果显示,不同产地宁夏枸杞粗多糖结构较为一致,但北方枸杞中多糖成分在结构上与宁夏枸杞存在较明显差异,主要体现在M_w、色谱峰面积比及半乳糖醛酸含量上。结论 宁夏枸杞和北方枸杞的粗多糖成分在结构上有较大差异,且通过建立的单糖组成及M_w测定方法可以对其进行有效区分,可为枸杞质量标准完善及枸杞资源评价提供方法和思路。     

Malignant presacral ghrelinoma with long-standing hyperghrelinaemia

Abstract

Background. A 57-year old man with low-back pain was found to have a 3 × 3 × 3 cm presacral neuroendocrine tumour (NET) with widespread metastases, mainly to the skeleton. His neoplastic disease responded well to peptide receptor radionuclide therapy (PRRT) with the radiotagged somatostatin agonist ¹⁷⁷Lu-DOTATATE. During almost 10 years he was fit for a normal life. He succumbed to an intraspinal dissemination.

Procedures. A resection of the rectum, with a non-radical excision of the adjacent NET, was made. In addition to computerized tomography (CT), receptor positron emission tomography (PET) with ⁶⁸Ga-labelled somatostatin analogues was used.

Observations. The NET showed the growth pattern and immunoprofile of a G2 carcinoid. A majority cell population displayed immunoreactivity to ghrelin, exceptionally with co-immunoreactivity to motilin. Somatostatin receptor scintigraphy and ⁶⁸Ga-DOTATATE PET-CT demonstrated uptake in the metastatic lesions. High serum concentrations of total (desacyl-)ghrelin were found with fluctuations reflecting the severity of the symptoms. In contrast, the concentrations of active (acyl-)ghrelin were consistently low, as were those of chromogranin A (CgA).

Conclusions. Neoplastically transformed ghrelin cells can release large amounts of desacyl-ghrelin, evoking an array of non-specific clinical symptoms. Despite an early dissemination to the skeleton, a ghrelinoma can be compatible with longevity after adequate radiotherapy.     

鲁迅思想与廉政文化建设简

当前的廉政文化建设中有两种不良倾向：一是满足于表面上的宣传,不能激发民众真正的参与热情,流于形式;一是陶醉于古代清官廉吏故事的讲述,难以与现实社会生活有效对接,疏于清谈。解决之道在于找到一种历史文化资源,既是全民族共同的文化记忆,又能够超越时代局限与当下社会语境产生共振。鲁迅思想便是其中典型的代表。鲁迅批判国民劣根性的思想,有助于我们深刻认识廉政文化建设的长期性、复杂性与艰巨性,克服急功近利观念与形式主义作风;鲁迅坚定的“立人”启蒙立场,尤其值得当代知识分子效仿,用以培育国民的公民意识与民主精神,真正实现廉政文化建设“以人为本”的根本目标;鲁迅的“韧性”战斗精神,是反腐败斗争取得胜利的有力武器,也是廉政文化建设取得实效的重要保障。继承鲁迅思想,发扬鲁迅精神,对当前的廉政文化建设将会起到积极推动作用。     

《走街会心录》与清初闽台走街医学

闽南和台湾历来有一些叫做走街仔的医生，他们也是中医，所掌握的医学却另有特色，这里权称为走街医学。介绍偶然发现的清初走街仔的医著《走街会心录》，考证其作者的祖籍和生平，论述明清鼎革后走街仔大量涌现并具有崇高医德的历史原因。而后依据该书，着重探讨其时的走街医学，总结为下述几点──强调整体观念、经验积累丰富、集民间疗法之大成、有地域的局限性、临床与理论脱节。