Interactions between macrophages and helminths

Macrophages, the major population of tissue-resident mononuclear phagocytes, contribute significantly to the immune response during helminth infection. Alternatively activated macrophages (AAM) are induced early in the anti-helminth response following tissue insult and parasite recognition, amplifying the early type 2 immune cascade initiated by epithelial cells and ILC2s, and subsequently driving parasite expulsion. AAM also contribute to functional alterations in tissues infiltrated with helminth larvae, mediating both tissue repair and inflammation. Their activation is amplified and occurs more rapidly following reinfection, where they can play a dual role in trapping tissue migratory larvae and preventing or resolving the associated inflammation and damage. In this review, we will address both the known and emerging roles of tissue macrophages during helminth infection, in addition to considering both outstanding research questions and new therapeutic strategies.     

A proteomic evaluation of the effects of the pharmaceuticals diclofenac and gemfibrozil on marine mussels (Mytilus spp.): evidence for chronic sublethal effects on stress‐response proteins

Human pharmaceuticals (e.g. the lipid regulator gemfibrozil and the non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drug diclofenac) are an emerging environmental threat in the aquatic environment. This study aimed to evaluate sublethal effects of these two commonly found pharmaceuticals on the protein profiles of marine mussels (Mytilus spp.). Mytilus spp. was exposed to environmentally relevant and elevated concentrations (1 and 1000 µg/l respectively) of both drugs for 14 days. In addition, mussels were maintained for seven days post treatment to examine the potential of blue mussels to recover from such an exposure. Differential protein expression signatures (PES) in the digestive gland of mussels were obtained using two‐dimensional gel electrophoresis after 7, 14, and 21 days of exposure. Twelve spots were significantly increased or decreased by gemfibrozil and/or diclofenac, seven of which were successfully identified by liquid chromatography‐tandem mass spectrometry (LC‐MS/MS) analysis. These proteins were involved in energy metabolism, oxidative stress response, protein folding, and immune responses. Changes in the PES over time suggested that mussels were still experiencing oxidative stress for up to seven days post exposure. In addition, a suite of biomarkers comprising glutathione transferase, lipid peroxidation, and DNA damage were studied. An oxidative stress response was confirmed by biomarker responses. To our knowledge, this is the first investigation using proteomics to assess the potential effects of human pharmaceuticals on a non‐target species in an environmentally‐relevant model. The successful application of this proteomic approach supports its potential use in pollution biomonitoring and highlights its ability to aid in the discovery of new biomarkers. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

衣原体基因组学与蛋白组学研究进展

目前,4个种衣原体:豚鼠嗜性衣原体、鼠衣原体、沙眼衣原体和肺炎嗜性衣原体基因组已有较详细的研究,揭示了衣原体基因组的紧密性和多成员的起因。多形态膜蛋白多基因家族、具有第Ⅲ型分泌系统功能基因以及编码肽聚糖基因的发现,反映了该领域的重要研究成果。随着多个种株衣原体基因组完整核苷酸序列测定的完成,人们对衣原体发育过程中生产合成的多种蛋白的认识也在不断深入,主要包括外膜蛋白、外膜主蛋白、热休克蛋白、多态外膜蛋白等,这些蛋白的结构和功能不同,充分认识其特性对衣原体的致病机理、免疫发生机理的研究及高效基因工程疫苗的研制将会产生重要的影响。     

多重PCR快速检测3种食源性致病菌

目的建立一种能同时检测金黄色葡萄球菌、产单核李斯特菌和沙门菌3种致病菌的多重PCR检测方法。方法采用LB培养液对金黄色葡萄球菌、产单核李斯特菌和沙门菌标准菌株进行增菌。根据金黄色葡萄球菌的nuc基因、产单核李斯特氏菌的hlvA基因、沙门氏菌的invA基因设计引物,通过多重聚合酶链反应（PCR）对上述3种食源性致病菌的目的基因进行扩增,同时对反应体系进行优化。结果对平均浓度为5cfu／ml的金黄色葡萄球菌、产单核李斯特菌和沙门氏菌在LB培养液中进行8h振荡培养,可以检出阳性结果;把金黄色葡萄球菌、产单核李斯特菌、沙门菌、志贺菌、蜡样芽孢杆菌、大肠埃希菌0157、阪崎肠杆菌7种菌混合在一起提取混合基因组DNA进行PCR扩增,显示出很好的特异性结果。结论建立的多重PCR检测方法适用于金黄色葡萄球菌、产单核李斯特菌和沙门菌的快速检测,具有快速、简便、灵敏的特点,可广泛应用于食品卫生检测、食物中毒应急处理和临床检验等领域。     

红曲霉发酵产胞外多糖工艺的优化

研究了碳源、氮源和无机盐对红曲霉Y 7产多糖的影响 ,优化并确定了产胞外多糖的培养基组成 :麦芽糖 6 0 g/L ,蛋白胨 2 .5g/L ,磷酸二氢钾 4 g/L ,硫酸镁 0 .5 g/L ,氯化钙 0 .6 g/L .研究了油脂对胞外多糖的影响 ,并确定棕榈油的添加量为 0 .2 g/dL .在 5 0 0mL的三角瓶装培养基 75mL ,接种量 15 % ,种子液种龄 2 4h ,培养温度 33℃ ,摇床转速 2 2 0r/min ,培养 96h .在上述条件下生物量干重为 1.4 2 g/dL ,发酵液胞外多糖产量可达 3.2 4 g/L ,比初始条件高出 2 .5倍 .     

临床分离多重耐药假单胞菌耐药机制的研究

为了解假单胞菌对亚胺培能（ＩＭＰ）、头孢他啶（ＣＴＺ）、头孢哌酮（ＣＰＺ）和氨曲南（ＡＺ）的耐药机制。以绿脓杆菌标准株ＰＡＯ１和对照株ＴＮＰＯＯ４为对照，应用ＳＤＳ－ＰＡＧＥ外膜蛋白图谱和β－内酰胺酶测定方法，研究了临床分离的两株多重耐药绿脓杆菌和一株ＩＭＰ耐药荧光假单胞菌。结果表明：两株绿脓杆菌分离株均缺失了外膜蛋白ＯｐｒＤ＿２和外膜蛋白Ｅ（ＯｐｒＥ），并出现了４４．７ＫＤ的未知蛋白带；两株菌均产生了较高水平的β－内酰胺酶，其酶活性分别为０．６８１Ｕ／ｍｇ和０．６ｌ０Ｕ／ｍｇ，经ＩＭＰ诱导，两株菌产酶量未见显著增加；其β－内酰胺酶对上述药物的相对水解率均小于１０％。提示该两株绿脓杆菌对上述药物的多重耐药机制可能是ＯｐｒＤ＿２、ＯｐｒＥ的缺失和大量β－内酰胺酶的共同作用结果；其中对ＩＭＰ耐药的主要原因可能是ＯｐｒＤ＿２丢失。另一株ＩＭＰ耐药荧光假单胞菌出现了ＯｐｒＤ＿２含量的减少。     

应用FTA/PCR检测粪便中隐孢子虫的实验研究

目的 建立用FTA/PCR检测粪便中隐孢子虫的技术,并与常用的商业化的粪便DNA抽提试剂盒进行比较.方法 选择经病原学检测已经确诊的隐孢子虫阳性和阴性粪便,分别采用FTA卡和商业化DNA抽提试剂盒抽提粪便样本中DNA,进行巢式PCR扩增,对PCR阳性产物进行测序并利用BLAST在NCBI上与GenBank数据库进行比对,做同源性分析,确定虫种.结果 应用商业化DNA抽提试剂盒抽提DNA,无论是否反复冻融破壁,2个阳性对照样本扩增出目的 片段,另3个阳性样本未扩增出特异性条带.样本纯化后应用FTA卡抽提DNA进行PCR检测,所有阳性粪样均扩增出830 bp左右的目的 片段,通过测序和比对,其中2个为贝氏隐孢子虫,1个为火鸡隐孢子虫.结论 应用FTA进行粪便样本中隐孢子虫DNA的抽提方法具有简单有效、快速灵敏、准确可靠等特点,可以应用于粪便中隐孢子虫的检测.     

Shewanella spp. Bloodstream Infections in Queensland,Australia

The epidemiology of bloodstream infections caused by Shewanella spp. is not well defined. Our objective was to define the incidence and determinants of Shewanella spp. bloodstream infections by using population-based surveillance in Queensland, Australia during 2000‒2019. The incidence was 1.0 cases/1 million persons annually and was highest during summer and in the tropical Torres and Cape region. Older persons and male patients were at highest risk. At least 1 concurrent condition was documented in 75% of case-patients, and 30-day all cause case-fatality rate was 15%. Aging populations in warm climates might expect an increasing burden of these infections.