方形截囊术在皮质性白内障超声乳化摘除术中的应用

目的 探讨方形截囊术在皮质性白内障超声乳化摘除术中的临床应用效果。方法 采用方形截囊术对３２例（３５眼）皮质性白内障行超声乳化摘除及后房型人工晶体植入术。术后三月散瞳后通过房角镜观察人工晶体的固定位置。结果 术中３３眼（９４．３％）成功完成方形截囊，２眼（５．７％）失败改为开罐式截囊。术后有３０眼（８５．７％）人工晶体的双襻均在囊袋内。结论 方形截囊术为皮质性白内障超声乳化摘除提供了一个边缘光滑整     

Corrección de la presbicia tras cirugía cristaliniana. ¿Dónde nos encontramos en 2020?

IntroductionPresbyopia is the progressive and irreversible loss of accommodation due to aging. It is one of the main causes of loss of quality of life in people from 45 years of age, due to the, often novel, dependence on spectacles. The eagerness to correct it by ophthalmologists impulsed by the desire of millions of people who suffer from it, has become one of the main drivers for the development of intraocular lens (IOL) technology over the last twenty years.Material and methodsThis review briefly presents the different alternatives that have allowed us to improve the crystalline lens surgical approach of presbyopia; from monofocal lenses and monovision technique, accommodative, refractive, and diffractive multifocal lenses, and finally the most recent extended depth of focus/field lenses known as EDOFs.ResultsEach IOL has its advantages, limitations and disadvantages. Furthermore, there is no single lens that suits the needs of all patients.ConclusionsIt is necessary to know the variety of lenses available, and to have an in-depth understanding of their optical properties, as well as the impact that these will have later on their clinical performance and on the visual quality of the patients. This should help us to select the best alternative for each of them.     

Lens Opacities in Adults in Pakistan: Prevalence and Risk Factors

Purpose: To investigate the prevalence and risk factors for lens opacity (LO) amongst a nationally representative sample of the adult population of Pakistan. Methods: This national study of blindness and visual impairment (adults ≥30 years) used multistage, stratified, cluster random sampling. Grading of LO was conducted using the Mehra/Minassian classification system. LO, partly or wholly obscuring the red reflex, or previous cataract surgery were indicators of opacity. Results: 16,402 (94.7%) adults were included in this analysis (study conducted 2002–2003). A total of 4,096 (standardized prevalence 20.9%, 95%CI: 20.3, 21.5%) adults were found to have LO. The highest prevalence of LO was found in Punjab province (22.2%), the lowest in Balochistan Province (18.0%). Significant positive associations were increasing age (multivariable odds ratio (OR) 3.2: 95%CI: 3.1, 3.4), hypertension (OR 1.2, 95%CI: 1.1, 1.3), history of diabetes (OR 2.6: 95%CI 2.0, 3.2) and smoking (OR 1.3: 95%CI: 1.1, 1.5). Higher body mass index (BMI) (OR 0.8: 95%CI 0.7, 0.9, heavy vs. normal BMI) and attendance to school (OR 0.6: 95%CI: 0.5, 0.8) were associated with lower risk of LO. Individuals in districts classified as hot were at significantly increased risk (OR 1.3: 95%CI: 1.1, 1.5), and those in wet districts (> 600 mm annual rainfall) had lower odds than individuals living in dry districts (OR 0.7: 95%CI: 0.6, 0.8). Conclusions: Almost a fifth of the adult population had LO. Significant positive associations were age, smoking status, hypertension, diabetes, and increased deprivation level. Protective factors included high BMI and educational achievement. The climatic associations offer novel hypothesis for further research into cataractogenesis.     

后房型人工晶体植入术后视网膜脱离

目的 探讨后房型人工晶体植入术后视网膜脱离(retinal detachment,RD)的临床特点和治疗方法。 方法 回顾性分析巩膜扣带术与显微玻璃体视网膜手术结合注气及硅油填充治疗68例68只眼后房型人工晶体植入术后RD患者的临床资料 结果出院时视网膜复位者65只眼，占95.59%，随防6-60个月，视网膜保持平复者占94.12%；随访时视力在0.1以上者54只眼，占79.41%，0.3及其以上者18只眼，占26.47%. 结论 后房型人工晶体眼RD发生的主要原因与一般RD发生的原因相似；针对不同情况采取相应的手术方式，可以使后房型人工晶体眼RD取得较好疗效。(中华眼底病杂志,1998,14:167-169)     

外伤性晶状体半脱位人工晶状体植入术探讨

目的 探讨小切口非超声乳化白内障囊外摘出囊袋内人工晶状体植入术，对晶状体半脱位白内障的手术效果。方法 在常规手术的基础上注意到了以下几点；充分的麻醉，充分降低眼压；用足量的黏弹剂，保持前房深度，避免脱位进一步扩大，用利丸截囊针；用黏弹剂使脱位处卷缩的晶状体囊展平，恢复正常囊袋形状。上下襻植于未脱位的赤道部囊袋内。结果 8例顺利将IOL植入囊袋内，无一例偏位或倾斜，视力均有提高。结论 小切口囊外摘出IOL植入术，治疗晶状体半脱位障安全，简便，效果稳定。     

Physiological changes in Triticum durum, Zea mays, Pisum sativum and Lens esculenta cultivars, caused by irrigation with water contaminated with microcystins: A laboratory experimental approach

The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of exposure to a microcystin (MC)-containing extract from a cyanobacteria bloom on growth, development, mineral nutrient accumulation, and photosynthetic activity of Triticum durum, Zea mays, Pisum sativum and Lens esculenta cultivars. The MCs in the extract, identified by HPLC and/or mass spectrometry (MS) were: MC-RR, -LR, -YR, -(H4)YR, -WR, and -FR. Plant growth and development was tested along 30 exposure days. After this period, MC-extract caused a clear reduction in plant growth and productivity, as well as deleterious effects on development and Photosystem II activity, measured by Fv/Fm fluorescence. However, the chlorophyll (a + b) content hardly varied, and the accumulation of Na⁺, K⁺, Ca²⁺, P and N was enhanced. All the effects observed were plant species, MC concentration, and exposure-time dependent. Relative accumulation of each MC variant greatly varied among plant species and plant organ. The data obtained supports the idea that the use of surface water containing MCs for crop irrigation can affect both plant yield and quality, and secondly, that MC accumulation in edible plants might pose a potential risk for human and animal health, if the MC intake exceeded the recommended tolerable limits.     

A geometric model of ocular accommodation

An exoteric geometric mechanics model of ocular accommodation is detailed to elucidate the main ideas of various ongoing modeling efforts. The present study derives solutions for the stretched state of the ocular lens as it might appear during accommodation by using simple geometric arguments and a volume constraint, rather than the more mathematically intensive theory of elasticity. Results show that geometric shapes similar to the lens will deform in a similar fashion. This implies that, while the true lens geometry is somewhat more complex, it should also follow these qualitative behaviors.     

CT对外伤性晶状体损伤的诊断价值

目的：探讨外伤造成晶状体损伤的CT表现,并对其进行分析.方法：对42只临床证实有晶状体损伤的伤眼,对照CT检查结果,观察晶状体的位置、形态、密度改变.结果：CT诊断外伤性白内障18只（42.8%）,晶状体全脱位10只（23.8%）,半脱位6只（14.2%）,未见异常改变10 只（23.8%）.CT诊断与临床诊断符合率76.1%.结论：CT检查对晶状体损伤的诊断有重要价值.     

高度近视白内障超声乳化联合低度数人工晶状体植入术的临床分析

目的：评价高度轴性近视白内障超声乳化联合低度数人工晶状本植入术的疗效。方法：对330例（372只眼）高度轴性近视并发白障患者施行白内障超声乳化联合低度数人工晶状体植入术。结果：植入低度数人工晶状体372只眼，眼轴长度为25.99mm-34.37mm，植入人工晶状体度数为-10D- 15D，术后视力≥0.5者186只眼（50％）。结论：白内障超声乳化联合低度数人工晶状体植入术是治疗高度轴性近视并发白内障的有效方法之一，术后视力较差的原因为高度近视所致的眼底病变。