银柴胡类生药的光谱鉴定研究

目的：对来源于石竹科４属（繁缕属、蚤缀属、蝇子草属、丝石竹属）９种植物披针叶繁缕、叉歧繁缕、灯心草蚤缀、腺毛蚤缀、蝇子草、旱麦瓶草、大叶丝石竹、长蕊丝石竹、尖叶丝石竹根的银柴胡类生药进行鉴定研究。方法：测定９种生药乙醇提取物的紫外及红外光谱。结果：各属植物根的紫外及红外光谱有一定差异。结论：利用紫外光谱及一阶导数光谱均可鉴别《中国药典》品种和非《中国药典》品种,并可区分不同的属,红外光谱法能够将繁缕属与其它属区别开来。     

β‐turn formation by a six‐residue linear peptide in solution

Abstract: A model peptide AAGDYY‐NH₂ (B1), which is found to adopt a β‐turn conformation in the TEM‐1 β‐lactamase inhibitor protein (BLIP) in the TEM‐1/BLIP co‐crystal, was synthesized to elucidate the mechanism of its β‐turn formation and stability. Its structural preferences in solution were comprehensively characterized using CD, FT‐IR and ¹H NMR spectroscopy, respectively. The set of observed diagnostic NOEs, the restrained molecular dynamics simulation, CD and FT‐IR spectroscopy confirmed the formation of a β‐turn in solution by the model peptide. The dihedral angles [(φ₃, ?₃) (φ₄, ?₄)] of [(?52°, ?32°) (?38°, ?44°)] of Gly‐Asp fragment in the model peptide are consistent with those of a type III β‐turn. In a conclusion, the conformational preference of the linear hexapeptide B1 in solution was determined, and it would provide a simple template to study the mechanism of β‐turn formation and stability.     

Introduction to Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy and Applications in the Pharmaceutical Sciences

The applications of infrared spectroscopy to pharmaceutical sciences is small compared to the applications of infrared spectroscopy to the fields of chemistry, biology, and biochemistry. This is unfortunate because modern routine infrared spectrometers are excellent research tools that provide very high signal-to-noise, high resolution, and extensive data-manipulation computer software packages. This review summarizes basic principles of infrared spectrometers and the use of Fourier self-deconvolution.     

Germ cell DNA quantification shortly after IR laser radiation

The immediate effect of IR laser radiation on rat germ cells was studied by cytophotometric quantification of the nuclear DNA content in testicular sections. Two different levels of radiation were studied: one according to clinical application (28.05 J/cm2) and another known to increase the germ cell number (46.80 J/cm2). The laser beam induced changes in the germ cell DNA content depending on the cell type, the cell cycle phase and the doses of radiation energy applied. Following irradiation at both doses the percentage of spermatogonia showing a 4c DNA content was increased, while the percentage of these with a 2c DNA content was decreased. Likewise, the percentages of primary spermatocytes with a DNA content equal to 4c (at 28.05 J/cm2), between 2c and 4c (at 46.80 J/cm2) and higher than 4c (at both doses) were increased. No change in the mean spermatid DNA content was observed. Nevertheless, at 46.80 J/cm2 the percentages of elongated spermatids with a c or 2c DNA content differed from the controls. Data show that, even at laser radiation doses used in therapy, the germ cell DNA content is increased shortly after IR laser radiation.     

The response of neurons in the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis to serotonin: Implications for anxiety

Substantial evidence has suggested that the activity of the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST) mediates many forms of anxiety-like behavior in human and non-human animals. These data have led many investigators to suggest that abnormal processing within this nucleus may underlie anxiety disorders in humans, and effective anxiety treatments may restore normal BNST functioning. Currently some of the most effective treatments for anxiety disorders are drugs that modulate serotonin (5-HT) systems, and several decades of research have suggested that the activation of 5-HT can modulate anxiety-like behavior. Despite these facts, relatively few studies have examined how activity within the BNST is modulated by 5-HT. Here we review our own investigations using in vitro whole-cell patch-clamp electrophysiological methods on brain sections containing the BNST to determine the response of BNST neurons to exogenous 5-HT application. Our data suggest that the response of BNST neurons to 5-HT is complex, displaying both inhibitory and excitatory components, which are mediated by 5-HT_1A, 5-HT_2A, 5-HT_2C and 5-HT₇ receptors. Moreover, we have shown that the selective activation of the inhibitory response to 5-HT reduces anxiety-like behavior, and we describe data suggesting that the activation of the excitatory response to 5-HT may be anxiogenic. We propose that in the normal state, the function of 5-HT is to dampen activity within the BNST (and consequent anxiety-like behavior) during exposure to threatening stimuli; however, we suggest that changes in the balance of the function of BNST 5-HT receptor subtypes could alter the response of BNST neurons to favor excitation and produce a pathological state of increased anxiety.     

大鼠小肠移植中细胞凋亡发生的阶段性及其意义

目的研究同种异体大鼠小肠移植后移植肠缺血再灌注、排斥反应与细胞凋亡的关系以及相关肠系膜淋巴结（GALT）中出现凋亡细胞的意义。方法选用近交系F344／N和封闭群Wistar／A大鼠建立异位小肠移植模型，同时根据移植肠是否缺血预处理分为4组；同基因移植组（A组）、同基因缺血预处理组（A^＋组）、异基因移植组（B组）、异基因缺血预处理组（B^＋组），未行移植F344／N大鼠为空白对照。每组术后2h、1d、3d、5d、7d分别处死4只大鼠，获取移植肠及相关肠系膜淋巴结分别行组织病理学检查、TUNEL法检测细胞凋亡以及电镜观察。结果术后2h：A^＋、B^＋组移植肠细胞凋亡数量显著增加；术后1d：A^＋、B^＋组移植肠细胞凋亡数量均明显减少，而B、B^＋组相关肠系膜淋巴结细胞凋亡数量明显增加；术后3d、5d、7d：B、B^＋组移植肠细胞凋亡数量呈渐进性增加，而相关肠系膜淋巴结细胞凋亡数量呈渐进性减少。结论排斥反应和缺血再灌注损伤均可引起细胞凋亡，早期移植肠第1次出现凋亡细胞系缺血再灌注损失所致，移植肠第2次细胞凋亡数量增加则是排斥反应的标志。早期移植肠相关肠系膜淋巴结细胞凋亡数量增加与排斥反应有关并发生于排斥反应出现前。     

APP17肽对心肺复苏大鼠海马神经元IR IRS-1表达的影响

目的观察APP17肽对心肺复苏大鼠海马神经元CA1区胰岛素受体（IR）、胰岛素受体底物-1（IRS—1）表达的影响。方法24只SD大鼠随机分为3组：假手术对照组（对照组）、心肺复苏组（复苏组）、APP17肽组，每组8只。用窒息法制作大鼠心肺复苏模型。APP17肽组于自主循环恢复（ROSC）时立即静脉注射APP17肽3．33μg／100g体质量，约5mL；对照组和复苏组给予等剂量生理盐水。2h后断头取脑行免疫组化染色，观察3组大鼠海马CAI区神经元IR、IRS—1表达的变化。结果与对照组相比复苏组大鼠海马CAI区IR、IRS—1染色阳性神经元明显减少（P〈0．05—0．01）差异有统计学意义；与复苏组相比APP17肽组IR、IRS—1阳性神经元明显增加，差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05—0．01）。结论心肺复苏大鼠海马神经元IR、IRS—1表达降低，复苏早期给予APP17肽干预可使其表达恢复正常或接近正常。     

Exercising with blocked muscle glycogenolysis: Adaptation in the McArdle mouse

Background

McArdle disease (glycogen storage disease type V) is an inborn error of skeletal muscle metabolism, which affects glycogen phosphorylase (myophosphorylase) activity leading to an inability to break down glycogen. Patients with McArdle disease are exercise intolerant, as muscle glycogen-derived glucose is unavailable during exercise. Metabolic adaptation to blocked muscle glycogenolysis occurs at rest in the McArdle mouse model, but only in highly glycolytic muscle. However, it is unknown what compensatory metabolic adaptations occur during exercise in McArdle disease.

高血压病血液高凝状态与胰岛素抵抗

目的探讨高血压病血液高凝状态与胰岛素抵抗的关系.方法对86例原发性高血压病人和46例正常人测定血糖、胰岛素,纤维蛋白原、凝血酶原时间,血小板聚集、活化度,t-PA、PAI等指标.将高血压病人分为两组即IR和NIR进行研究.结果与正常人和NIR组比较,IR组纤维蛋白原、PAI增高;血小板聚集、活化增强,微血栓形成;凝血酶原时间缩短、t-PA降低(P＜0.05～0.01).且血小板聚集率与Fbg、PAI、INS0呈显著正相关(r=0.5287,r=0.5764,r=0.5129,P均＜0.02)、与t-PA、G-AUC/I-AUC呈负相关(r=-0.6531,P＜0.01、r=-0.5281,P＜0.05).结论高血压病存在血液高凝状态,可能与胰岛素抵抗有关.布氏多功能显微镜下观察到微血栓形成可以作为高血压病血液高凝的一个标志.