老年人院内获得性肺炎62例临床分析

目的:探讨院内获得性肺炎(HAP)的临床特点、病原菌种、诊断、治疗与预防。方法:对62例老年人院内获得性肺炎进行回顾性分析。结果:临床表现为发热、咳嗽、咳痰、肺部罗音,外周血白细胞增高,胸片有改变者占35.48％,病原菌培养出阴性杆菌占76.92％。结论:HAP临床表现不典型,死亡率高,根据致病菌及药敏,合理选择抗生素。     

Tyrosine kinase 2 is not limiting human antiviral type III interferon responses

Tyrosine kinase 2 (TYK2) associates with interferon (IFN) alpha receptor, IL‐10 receptor (IL‐10R) beta and other cytokine receptor subunits for signal transduction, in response to various cytokines, including type‐I and type‐III IFNs, IL‐6, IL‐10, IL‐12 and IL‐23. Data on TYK2 dependence on cytokine responses and in vivo consequences of TYK2 deficiency are inconsistent. We investigated a TYK2 deficient patient, presenting with eczema, skin abscesses, respiratory infections and IgE levels >1000 U/mL, without viral or mycobacterial infections and a corresponding cellular model to analyze the role of TYK2 in type‐III IFN mediated responses and NK‐cell function. We established a novel simple diagnostic monocyte assay to show that the mutation completely abolishes the IFN‐α mediated antiviral response. It also partly reduces IL‐10 but not IL‐6 mediated signaling associated with reduced IL‐10Rβ expression. However, we found almost normal type‐III IFN signaling associated with minimal impairment of virus control in a TYK2 deficient human cell line. Contrary to observations in TYK2 deficient mice, NK‐cell phenotype and function, including IL‐12/IL‐18 mediated responses, were normal in the patient. Thus, preserved type‐III IFN responses and normal NK‐cell function may contribute to antiviral protection in TYK2 deficiency leading to a surprisingly mild human phenotype.     

纳米羟基磷灰石悬浮液稳定性能的研究

为了得到稳定分散的纳米羟基磷灰石水悬浮液,以羧甲基纤维素钠（CMCNa）作分散剂,采用吸光率实验考察了羧甲基纤维素钠的用量及超声分散时间对纳米羟基磷灰石水悬浮液稳定性的影响,并对其分散机理进行了初步的探讨。结果表明：CMCNa作分散剂时,能有效地分散纳米羟基磷灰石粒子,得到均匀、稳定的纳米羟基磷灰石水悬浮液体系;当CMCNa用量为0.35wt%、超声时间为150s时分散效果最佳;CMCNa分散后,体系的Zeta电位的绝对值提高了69.82mV;CMCNa对纳米HAP悬浮液的稳定分散作用主要是通过粒子间的静电作用和空间位阻来实现的。由此可见,CMCNa对HAP纳米粒子具有较好的分散效果,是制备高分散稳定HAP的理想分散剂。     

HAP纳米粒子进入癌细胞的体外实验研究

目的 验证羟基磷灰石（HAP）纳米粒子与癌细胞共同孵育后，细胞质内发现的大量颗粒物质，是HAP纳米粒子，以证实HAP纳米粒子能以纳米粒子形式进入癌细胞。为进一步深入探讨HAP纳米粒子在癌细胞内的代谢过程提供实验依据。方法 将BEL7402肝癌细胞与HAP纳米粒子共同孵育8h后，应用透射电子显微镜观察，并进行了能谱检测和电子衍射图谱分析。结果 透射电镜观察到癌细胞内外均有片状的颗粒物质；能谱显示这些颗粒状物质为含Ca、P的粒子；电子衍射图谱测试表明其d值符合HAP晶体的特征。结论 进入到肝癌细胞内的颗粒物质即为HAP纳米粒子，说明HAP纳米粒子能以纳米颗粒的形式进入肝癌细胞。     

Emerging themes in GABAergic synapse development

Glutamatergic synapse development has been rigorously investigated for the past two decades at both the molecular and cell biological level yet a comparable intensity of investigation into the cellular and molecular mechanisms of GABAergic synapse development has been lacking until relatively recently. This review will provide a detailed overview of the current understanding of GABAergic synapse development with a particular emphasis on assembly of synaptic components, molecular mechanisms of synaptic development, and a subset of human disorders which manifest when GABAergic synapse development is disrupted. An unexpected and emerging theme from these studies is that glutamatergic and GABAergic synapse development share a number of overlapping molecular and cell biological mechanisms that will be emphasized in this review.     

Piecing together the puzzle of acetaldehyde as a neuroactive agent

Mainly known for its more famous parent compound, ethanol, acetaldehyde was first studied in the 1940s, but then research interest in this compound waned. However, in the last two decades, research on acetaldehyde has seen a revitalized and uninterrupted interest. Acetaldehyde, per se, and as a product of ethanol metabolism, is responsible for many pharmacological effects which are not clearly distinguishable from those of its parent compound, ethanol. Consequently, the most recent advances in acetaldehyde's psychopharmacology have been inspired by the experimental approach to test the hypothesis that some of the effects of ethanol are mediated by acetaldehyde and, in this regard, the characterization of metabolic pathways for ethanol and the localization within discrete brain regions of these effects have revitalized the interest on the role of acetaldehyde in ethanol's central effects. Here we present and discuss a wealth of experimental evidence that converges to suggest that acetaldehyde is an intrinsically active compound, is metabolically generated in the brain and, finally, mediates many of the psychopharmacological properties of ethanol.     

降钙素原在医院获得性肺炎和呼吸机相关性肺炎的诊断和抗感染管理中的应用价值

医院获得性肺炎(HAP)和呼吸机相关性肺炎(VAP)是我国现患率居第一位的医院感染性疾病。国内外相关指南相继进行了更新,旨在提高HAP/VAP诊断和治疗水平,改善患者的结局,但我们仍然面临诸多挑战。降钙素原(PCT)是较C反应蛋白(CRP)更特异的感染相关生物学标志物,对重症细菌感染和脓毒症具有反应快速、特异性高的优点,动态监测PCT可指导HAP/VAP的诊断及抗菌药物治疗的疗程。