Simulated downwind coal combustion emissions for laboratory inhalation exposure atmospheres

Exposure atmospheres for rodent inhalation toxicology studies were generated to enable the evaluation of biological responses to a simulated downwind coal combustion atmosphere. A composition representing a single test case of emissions components as they may exist tens to hundreds of miles from a coal-fired power plant was developed. The particulate matter (PM) was 99% sulfate (partially neutralized) and 1% ash. Sulfate was present in equimolar concentrations to sulfur dioxide (SO₂). Gaseous nitrogen species included nitrogen monoxide (NO), nitrogen dioxide (NO₂), and nitric acid (HNO₃). At the high-exposure level, the gaseous species target concentrations were 0.2?ppm SO₂, 0.6?ppm NO, 0.3?ppm NO₂, and 0.1?ppm HNO₃. The test atmosphere was produced by combining effluent from a laboratory coal combustor with sulfate generated through an evaporation–condensation generator. These atmospheres were used to conduct inhalation toxicology studies that have been previously reported.     

硝苯地平与硫酸镁联用治疗妊娠期高血压疾病的分析

目的：探讨硝苯地平联合硫酸镁用于妊娠期高血压疾病治疗的临床效果。方法将我院收治的妊娠期高血压疾病患者96例随机分成观察组48例（硝苯地平联合硫酸镁治疗）和对照组48例（硫酸镁治疗），对比2组的治疗效果。结果2组治疗有效率相比差异具有显著性（P<0.05）。结论硫酸镁和硝苯地平联合治疗能够在改善患者心肌血氧的同时保护心肌功能，避免并发症的出现，减少高血压发病率，保障孕妇和婴儿的生命健康。     

MR Features of Juxta-Articular Venous Malformations of the Knee to Predict the Clinical Outcome of Sclerotherapy

PurposeTo analyze and correlate preinterventional magnetic resonance (MR) imaging findings with clinical symptoms after percutaneous sclerotherapy of venous malformations (VMs) adjacent to the knee.Materials and MethodsTwenty-five patients (mean age, 24 y; range, 7–55 y; 11 female) with 26 VMs adjacent to the knee undergoing sclerotherapy (direct puncture, diagnostic angiography, sclerosant injection) were identified, and MR imaging findings were analyzed. The VM involved the synovium of the knee joint in 19 of 26 cases (76%). These lesions were associated with joint effusion (3 of 19; 16%), hemarthrosis (4 of 19; 21%), or synovial thickening (16 of 19; 84%). Follow-up ended 6–8 weeks after the first or second sclerotherapy session if complete pain relief was achieved or 3 months after the third sclerotherapy session. Treatment outcomes were categorized as symptom improvement (complete or partial pain relief) or poor response (unchanged or increased pain).ResultsForty-nine percutaneous sclerotherapy sessions were performed. Despite the absence of signs of knee osteoarthritis, patients with a VM involving the synovium (8 of 14; 57%) showed a poor response to sclerotherapy (1 of 8 [13%] pain-free after 1 sclerotherapy session). Among patients with VMs with no associated joint alteration and no synovial involvement (6 of 14; 43%), 5 of 6 (83%) showed improvement of symptoms after 1 sclerotherapy session (P < .05).ConclusionsJuxta-articular VMs of the knee are frequently associated with hemarthrosis and synovial thickening. Patients with signs of osteoarthritis and synovial involvement of the VM on presclerotherapy MR imaging deserve special consideration, as these findings predict worse clinical symptoms after sclerotherapy.     

In vitro and in vivo correlation for lipid-based formulations: Current status and future perspectives

Lipid-based formulations (LBFs) have demonstrated a great potential in enhancing the oral absorption of poorly water-soluble drugs. However, construction of in vitro and in vivo correlations (IVIVCs) for LBFs is quite challenging, owing to a complex in vivo processing of these formulations. In this paper, we start with a brief introduction on the gastrointestinal digestion of lipid/LBFs and its relation to enhanced oral drug absorption; based on the concept of IVIVCs, the current status of in vitro models to establish IVIVCs for LBFs is reviewed, while future perspectives in this field are discussed. In vitro tests, which facilitate the understanding and prediction of the in vivo performance of solid dosage forms, frequently fail to mimic the in vivo processing of LBFs, leading to inconsistent results. In vitro digestion models, which more closely simulate gastrointestinal physiology, are a more promising option. Despite some successes in IVIVC modeling, the accuracy and consistency of these models are yet to be validated, particularly for human data. A reliable IVIVC model can not only reduce the risk, time, and cost of formulation development but can also contribute to the formulation design and optimization, thus promoting the clinical translation of LBFs.     

硫酸镁注射液治疗婴幼儿喘息性疾病的分析

调查分析我院门诊、急诊患儿硫酸镁注射液的应用情况，为临床合理用药和儿科安全用药提供参考依据。对2017年11月门急诊含硫酸镁电子处方进行回顾性分析，内容包括年龄、用法用量、临床诊断、联合用药，使用天数等。共计204例患儿使用硫酸镁注射液，年龄在6个月至1岁之间的患儿最多，共72例，占比35.29%。67.65%的患儿使用剂量是30~50 mg·kg-1·d-1。临床诊断分别为急性喘息性支气管炎（32.35%）、肺炎（29.41%）、支气管炎（23.53%）等。在治疗方案中，硫酸镁常和糖皮质激素合用，其中有58.82%和醋酸甲泼尼龙合用，55.88%和布地奈德合用。目前硫酸镁在婴幼儿喘息性疾病的应用尚无统一、权威标准，可能存在用药风险。临床用药应加以重视、规范管理，保证用药安全。本研究结果对儿科合理使用硫酸镁注射液有参考价值。     

Effects of Mistletoe (Viscum Album L., Loranthaceae) Extracts on Arterial Blood Pressure in Rats Treated with Atropine Sulfate and Hexocycline

Acute effects of different extracts of mistletoe stem (Viscum album) were investigated on values of arterial blood pressure in Wistar rats. Arterial blood pressure was registered by direct method in the left carotid artery and the investigated extracts (total ethanol, ether and ethyl acetate) of mistletoe stem were administered into the right jugular vein. The total ethanol extract exhibited the best effect even on the lowest applied concentration (3.33 × 10^?5 mg kg^?1) and significantly decreased the blood pressure after applied concentration 1.00 × 10^?3 mg kg^?1. On the contrary, the ether and ethyl acetate extracts exhibited notable activity only by higher administered doses. Atropine as a nonselective blocker of muscarinic receptors reduced the hypotensive effects of ethanol extract of mistletoe. Hexocycline, a selective blocker of muscarine receptors, significantly raised blood pressure and decreased the hypotensive effect of ethanol extract of mistletoe on arterial blood pressure in rats.