早期慢性肾脏病患者肾组织甲状旁腺激素的表达及其作用

目的 探讨早期慢性肾脏病(CKD)患者肾组织甲状旁腺激素(PTH)表达和分布,以及其在CKD进展中的可能作用.方法 选取2009年至2012年间本科收治并经肾活检确诊的CKD 1期及2期的肾小球肾炎患者82例为研究对象.另取8例肾移植配型不符或肾肿瘤患者的正常肾组织作对照.受试者均检测Scr、BUN、血钙、磷、PTH及25(OH) VitD3等.以Cockcroft-Gault (CG)公式计算肌酐清除率(Ccr),双血浆99mTc-DTPA清除率法检测GFR.根据肾间质炎性细胞浸润程度,将患者分为轻、中、重组,用免疫组化方法观察肾组织PTH表达和分布；用Image-Pro Plus图像分析软件计算各例肾组织PTH阳性染色吸光度(A)值,并比较PTH表达强度差异.结果CKD1期及2期的肾小球肾炎患者的外周血钙、磷、25(OH) VitD3及PTH水平均处于正常范围,PTH与上述其他指标间无相关.不同病理类型肾小球肾炎患者肾组织均可见PTH表达,主要位于肾小管,而肾小球及肾间质也有少量分布,其表达强度均显著高于对照组(P＜0.01),且随肾间质炎性细胞浸润增多,PTH表达增强.各病理类型间肾组织PTH表达强度差异无统计学意义.结论 早期CKD(1期及2期)患者肾组织PTH表达增强,且早于外周血PTH的改变及矿物质和骨代谢紊乱,可能与局部炎性反应程度相关.     

高渗葡萄糖联合胰岛素局部换药治疗咽瘘的临床研究

目的观察高渗葡萄糖联合胰岛素局部换药治疗咽瘘的临床效果，探讨咽瘘的治疗经验。方法回顾性分析12例全喉切除术后并发咽瘘者应用高渗葡萄糖联合胰岛素治疗的临床资料。12例均于常规清创处理后，以50％葡萄糖注射液10～20ml加精蛋白锌胰岛素10～20U的混合液擦洗伤口2或3次，再使用混合液纱条填寒瘘腔，外覆无菌干纱布，最后对咽瘘周围组织适度加压包扎，并观察创面愈合情况和时间。结果12例创面全部达到痊愈标准，平均痊愈时间19．6d；观察6个月，无一例出现吞咽困难。结论高渗葡萄糖联合胰岛素可通过控制创面感染、清除坏死组织、促进肉芽组织和上皮细胞生长等促进全喉切除术后咽瘘创面愈合，方法简单，值得推广应用。     

Estimated Mortality of Breast Cancer Patients Based on Stage at Diagnosis and National Screening Guideline Categorization

PurposeTo compare overall and stage I to IV mortalities of patients diagnosed with breast cancer, calculated from stage at diagnosis using the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) database stage mortality estimates, which are based on national screening guideline categorization.MethodsFrom the stage at diagnosis of new breast cancer patients between 2010 and 2014, percentages of invasive cancers, stage 0 + I of total cancers, and stage I of invasive cancers, were calculated. Five-year estimated overall and invasive mortalities were calculated based on stage at diagnosis and SEER survival data. Program categories defined included an Annual Program, based on the ACR (annual screening age 40 and above), a Biennial Program, based on the US Preventative Services Taskforce (biennial screening ages 50 to 74 years), and a Hybrid Program, based on the American Cancer Society (annual screening ages 45 to 54 years, then biennially at ages 55 and above), including respective interval cancers.ResultsIn all, 445 breast cancers met the study inclusion criteria. Comparing program categories, the Annual Program had the lowest percentage of invasive cancers (75.3%), highest percentages of stage 0 + I of total cancers (75.3%) and stage I of invasive cancers (67.1%), and the lowest 5-year estimated overall (10.1%) and stage I to IV (12.0%) mortalities. Estimated overall and stage I to IV mortalities for the Annual Program was 37.3% and 30.6% less, respectively, than the Biennial Program, and 31.8% and 26.8% less, respectively, than the Hybrid Program.ConclusionsBased on stage at diagnosis, the greatest mortality reduction is achieved with mammography utilization starting at the age of 40.     

Video presentation of the second stage of a two-stage repair for proximal hypospadias: A safe and reproducible technique

ObjectiveThe aims of proximal hypospadias repair are good cosmetic outcomes with low rates of complication, with a low number of operative exposures, before the age of genital difference realisation. Neo-urethral fistula and stenosis are well recognised complications; with international rates of 3.8–16% and 1.3–15.6% respectively. We present the key steps of the second of a two staged repair in video format.MethodVideo recording of the procedure performed on an 18-month-old with mid-penile hypospadias is presented. The steps are described; the importance of tension free tubularisation, layered urethral closure, suture technique, vascularised prepucal graft technique, optimal glanuloplasty, and penile shaft skin repair are highlighted.ResultThe child was brought back to the day ward for catheter removal at 7 days; follow-up in clinic showed good postoperative appearance. This technique has been performed on 31 boys with a fistula rate and stenosis rate favourable to the literature.ConclusionWe demonstrate a two-stage technique by video format for proximal hypospadias which is reproducible and gives results comparable to the literature.     

Early Experiences of Threat,but Not Deprivation,Are Associated With Accelerated Biological Aging in Children and Adolescents

Background

Recent conceptual models argue that early life adversity (ELA) accelerates development, which may contribute to poor mental and physical health outcomes. Evidence for accelerated development in youths comes from studies of telomere shortening or advanced pubertal development following circumscribed ELA experiences and neuroimaging studies of circuits involved in emotional processing. It is unclear whether all ELA is associated with accelerated development across global metrics of biological aging or whether this pattern emerges following specific adversity types.