Short-lasting conditioned stimulus applied to the middle cerebellar peduncle elicits delayed conditioned eye blink responses in the decerebrate ferret

In delay eye blink conditioning, the conditioned stimulus (CS) ends at the time of the unconditioned stimulus (US). If the CS duration is decreased, there will be a 'trace' period with no ongoing CS before the onset of the US. During this period some neural activity has to continue after the CS offset to: (i) permit association between the CS and the US; and (ii) elicit a conditioned response appearing after the CS offset. In this study we test the role of the cerebellum in maintaining CS activity required for eliciting a conditioned response after the CS offset. Decerebrate ferrets were trained in a delay conditioning paradigm with an electrical stimulation of the forelimb as CS and of the periorbital area as US. The conditioned responses in the upper eyelid were monitored with electromyographical techniques. In well-trained animals, test CSs of short duration down to 0.2 ms were applied to the forelimb or the middle cerebellar peduncle, while the interstimulus interval between CS onset and US onset was kept constant at 300 ms. Test CSs of short duration applied to the forelimb elicited conditioned responses. More importantly, also a short-lasting CS to the middle cerebellar peduncle could elicit conditioned responses. The results indicate that precerebellar CS pathways are not required for maintaining the neural activity that elicits conditioned responses after the CS offset. It is suggested that neurons maintaining such activity are located in the cerebellum, either the cortex alone or the cortex and the deep nuclei.     

吗啡对大鼠逃避性条件反射的作用部位

研究指出,吗啡可以抑制大鼠对伤害性刺激逃避性条件反射,吗啡抑制这一逃避性条件反射的作用部位在海马,吗啡的这一作用并不能完全被纳络酮所阻断     

Soy-based formulas and phyto-oestrogens: a safety profile

Phyto-oestrogens are non-steroidal plant-derived compounds that possess oestrogenic activity and act as selective oestrogen receptor modulators (SERMs). Among the dietary oestrogens, the isoflavone class enjoy a wide-spread distribution in most of the members of the Leguminosae family, including such prominent high-content representatives as soybean. Phyto-oestrogen research has grown rapidly in recent years owing to epidemiological studies suggesting that diets rich in soy may be associated with potential health benefits. There is a paucity of data on endocrine effects of soy phytochemicals during infancy, the most sensitive period of life for the induction of toxicity. The safety of isoflavones in infant formulas has been questioned recently owing to reports of possible hormonal effects. Infants fed soy formula receive high levels of phyto-oestrogens in the form of isoflavones (genistein, daidzein and their glycosides). To date, no adverse effects of short- or long-term use of soy proteins have been observed in humans and exposure to soy-based infant formulas does not appear to lead to different reproductive outcomes than exposure to cow milk formulas. Soy formula seems to be a safe feeding option for most infants. Nevertheless, much closer studies in experimental animals and human populations exposed to phyto-oestrogen-containing products, and particularly soy-based infant formulas, are necessary.     

张家维教授针灸治疗小儿多动症380例临床研究

目的　探讨针灸治疗小儿多动症的临床疗效、对异常脑电图的改变情况、疗效与证型的关系、疗效与年龄的关系等。方法　将 5 92例患者分为针灸组及中药组。结果　针灸组总有效率为 84 .4 % ,中药组为 78.77% ,前者疗效优于后者 (P<0 .0 5 ) ;针灸组对异常脑电图的改变率优于中药组 (P<0 .0 5 ) ;针灸组中肝肾不足型、肝郁气滞型两型间的疗效有显著性差异(P<0 .0 1) ;肝郁气滞型较佳。疗效与年龄之间有非常显著性关系 (P<0 .0 1) ,年龄小者针刺疗效较佳。结论　针灸治疗小儿多动症可取得较好疗效 ,其总有效率及对异常脑电图的改善优于内服中药 ,肝郁气滞型及年龄小者疗效较好     

经方研究的切入点

经方因有经典著作和具体条文作背景,比其他方剂拥有更多的精华内涵,对其研究不应局限在方中的几位药上,而应有更多的切入点.其中包括特征性的辨证要点,体质与疾病,经方内部药量比例,剂型的内涵,煎服中的文章和药后反应中的玄机.     

临床医生的个案研究设计

个案研究设计适合于提出研究假说，这种假说以后可以通过其他方法得到临床确认，这也适用于先导性临床试验(pilot study)，即在设计正式的临床试验之前，对要研究的药物进行一个初步的评估。其设计类型包括简单的A-B时序设计、经典的A-B-A反转设计、替代治疗设计、多基线设计。该设计应用的前提是治疗在较短时间能表现出最大效应，并且效应是短暂的，一旦治疗停止，则病情可逆，如果不是这种情况，则必须考虑成组设计。个案研究的方法一般依赖于“A”阶段的稳定基线期。该研究方法不适宜对急性或易变的疾病状况进行研究，而适用于对具有稳定病症表现的慢性或复发性疾病的研究。     

经方临床运用的几个问题

经方为群方之冠 ,是方剂的鼻祖。临床运用经方要掌握几个关键问题 :1.辨识病机 ,不拘病名 ;2 .突出主症 ,参合佐症 ;3.确定病位 ,落实脏腑 ;4 .伤寒治法 ,有常有变 ;5 .深究方规 ,抓住主方 ;6 .化裁经方 ,扩大运用。要真正探讨经方的奥秘 ,还应当深入读好《伤寒论》,在学中用 ,在用中学。     

经典名方中玄参的本草考证

通过查阅历代本草、医籍、方书及近现代文献资料，对经典名方中所用饴糖的名称、品种、原料及制作工艺进行了考证，为含有饴糖的经典名方开发利用提供依据。经考证可知，饴糖之名历代多源于其形态、质地、制法、原料及产地。古代所用饴糖根据质地不同，主要分为软、硬两类，湿软如蜜者称为“饴”或“胶饴”，质硬色白的则称为“饧”“糖”，现代则多称为麦芽糖，入药仅用胶饴，饧则多作食用；历代药用胶饴推崇糯米（来源于Oryza sativa var. glutinosa）为原料，以大麦Hordeum vulgare制蘖，经过发酵、煎煮、浓缩制备而成，而粟米（来源于Setaria italica var. germanica）、黍Panicum miliaceum等其他谷物为原料制成的饴糖品质次之。2020年版《中华人民共和国药典》未收录饴糖，收载了药用辅料麦芽糖，为纯度较高的结晶粉；但国家食品标准与地方炮制规范中收录了饴糖。基于考证结果，建议经典名方开发中所用胶饴可参考GB/T 20883—2017中的麦芽糖浆，并明确以糯米、大麦为原料。     

乌梅丸治疗更年期崩漏的临床观察

目的探究乌梅丸治疗更年期崩漏的临床疗效。方法选择2017年3月—2019年11月收治的52例更年期崩漏患者,以随机数字表法分为治疗组和对照组,每组26例。对照组给予乙烯雌酚2 mg/d和醋酸甲羟孕酮片10 mg/d,治疗组给予乌梅丸治疗。观察2组患者治疗效果及治疗前后汉密尔顿焦虑量表(HAMA)及汉密尔顿抑郁量表(HAMD)评分变化情况。结果治疗组的治疗总有效率高于对照组(P<0.05),且治疗组治疗后的HAMA、HAMD评分均低于对照组(P<0.05)。结论乌梅丸可有效改善更年期崩漏患者的临床症状,缓解患者负面情绪,临床应用价值较高,值得推广。