面神经显微手术治疗周围性面瘫47例

目的 探讨不同面神经疾病致周围性面瘫显微手术方式的选择及其疗效.方法 对21例外伤性面瘫、2例医源性面神经损伤、2例面神经瘤、9例贝尔面瘫及13例中耳胆脂瘤所致的周围性面瘫,行不同进路面神经显微减压、改道或移植手术,术后随访1～5年,按面瘫H-B分级法评判面神经功能恢复程度.结果 21例颞骨骨折面瘫,伤后1～2周手术15例,术后面神经功能恢复I级13例(86.7%),Ⅲ级2例;伤后3～4周手术5例,面神经功能恢复Ⅱ级3例,Ⅲ级2例;伤后8周手术1例,仅Ⅳ级恢复.医源性面瘫2例,术后面神经功能分别为Ⅱ和Ⅱ～Ⅲ级恢复.2例面神经瘤切除后所致者,术后面神经功能恢复Ⅰ～Ⅱ级1例,Ⅲ级1例.9例贝尔面瘫8～12周手术后Ⅰ级2例,Ⅱ级4例,Ⅲ级3例.13例中耳胆脂瘤在1周内手术,Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ级恢复例数分别为9、3、1例.结论 对于不同原因所致周围性面瘫患者,选择合适的时机及术式,经面神经减压、移植或改道吻合术后,均能取得良好效果,但应严格掌握适应证.(中国眼耳鼻喉科杂志,2009,9:29-30)     

多层螺旋CT面神经管曲面重建应用于中耳手术中的解剖学研究

目的探讨多层螺旋CT（muhislice spiral CT,MSCT）面神经管曲面重建（curved planar reformation,CPR）在中耳乳突手术中的应用。方法成人尸头标本20具,行颞骨MSCT超薄层高分辨率扫描,在3个垂直平面上分别进行面神经管CPR重建,在重建图像上测量面神经管与各外科解剖标志结构间的距离,并与标本测量结果进行对照。结果（1）外半规管与面神经管关系在横断面重建CPR像上显示最好,壶腹部与面神经管间距离最短,为（1．74±0．29）mm,外半规管后缘与面神经管锥曲处间距离最大,为（2．47±0．51）mm。（2）砧骨短脚窝形态在矢状面重建CPR像上显示最佳,与面神经管锥曲最短距离为（2．88±0．41）mm。（3）乙状窦沟在冠状面重建CPR像上显示最好,与面神经管最短距离为（8．97±2．72）mm。CPR像上各测量值与解剖标本测量值差异均无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。结论MSCT面神经管CPR重建可用于测量面神经管与外科标志性结构间的距离,为术中面神经的保护发挥重要作用。（中国眼耳鼻喉科杂志,2009,9：89-91）     

Neurological complications following functional neck dissection

A retrospective study was done to assess the incidence and factors associated with neurological complications in patients who have undergone a functional neck dissection (FND). Four hundred forty-two epidermoid cancer patients operated on from January 1984 to December 2002 were included in the study. Clinical parameters, neurological sequelae, and other complications were evaluated in all cases. The incidence of neural damage was calculated on the nerves at risk ( n =714). Paralysis of the 11th nerve occurred in 12 cases (1.68%). A lesion of the marginal branch of the 7th cranial nerve was observed in nine cases (1.26%). Bernard-Horners syndrome and hypoglossal nerve paralysis were noted in four and three cases (0.56 and 0.42%), respectively. Thus, the incidence of neurological sequelae after FND is low. Neurological complications were not associated with either clinical parameters or non-neurological complications ( P >0.05). None of the factors studied can predict the appearance of neural problems in the postoperative period.     

面动脉的解剖学研究及其临床意义

目的 对面动脉进行解剖学研究以指导临床实践.方法 选用保存一年的10具成人尸体(男6,女4)的20侧面部为解剖标本,从颈总动脉远心端注入红色乳胶溶液,有两具尸体在面前静脉内注入蓝色乳胶.将颜面皮肤锐性剥去,除去皮下脂肪,显露浅组面部表情肌,从颌下缘开始显露面动脉到内眦的全过程,展示它的走行、分支和终末部分以及面横动脉、眶下动脉和眼动脉的吻合支及其与面静脉的相互关系.用同样的方法解剖对侧的血管,以研究两侧的对称性.用游标卡尺测量.小的分支在手术放大镜下进行解剖.结果 在10具尸体的20侧面部标本中,两侧面动脉对称的有4例.终止于内眦动脉的占8/20侧(40%,左2侧,右6侧),终止于鼻外侧动脉的占3/20侧(15%,左2侧,右1侧),终止于上唇动脉的占3/20侧(15%,均为左侧),终止于下唇动脉的占1/20侧(5%,为左侧),终止于下颌下缘的占1/20侧(5%,为左侧),终止于下颌下缘的占1/20侧(5%,为左侧),全面型占2/20侧(10%,左右各一侧).右面动脉主干均可终止于鼻外侧动脉或内眦动脉,而左侧面动脉仅5/10侧(50%)可终止于鼻外侧动脉或内眦动脉.面动脉与面静脉的间距:面动脉与面静脉之间的距离在下颌下缘和内眦处很近,在口角和鼻翼基底处相距较远.结论 面血管存在着大的解剖上的变异,面动脉分支不固定,两侧不总是对称分布,甚至面动脉主干发育不全或缺如.面动静脉间的位置关系存在着广泛的变异,我们认为这些解剖知识对于面部皮瓣的设计是必不可少的.     

面神经瘤的诊断与处理

目的探讨面神经鞘瘤和面神经纤维瘤的临床和病理特点以及影像学表现,为面神经瘤的早期诊断和不同类型面神经瘤的治疗提供经验。方法采用回顾性方法,对20例面神经鞘瘤和2例面神经纤维瘤的诊断和治疗过程进行分析。面神经瘤的手术入路为：颅中窝入路2例,乳突径路8例,乳突腮腺联合径路10例,腮腺径路2例。17例面神经瘤切除后同期进行面神经移植。其中耳大神经颞内段移植3例,颞内外联合移植1例;腓肠神经颞内段移植5例,颞内外联合移植8例。2例后期行面肌悬吊术。结果面神经瘤完全切除21例,20例术后无复发,失访1例。次全切除1例,次全切除者术前和术后接受1刀治疗,随访无复发。影像学表现：CT示面神经鞘瘤为呈膨胀性改变面神经管缺损。面神经纤维瘤主要表现为面神经管增粗,行走于面神经骨管内。磁共振成像可以显示所有面神经行走途经径,并显示面神经瘤从乳突扩展到腮腺的情况。病理诊断面神经鞘膜瘤20例,面神经纤维瘤2例。结论虽然面神经瘤的发生率低,但是只要了解其临床特点,借助影像学手段,可以早期诊断。对面神经瘤治疗可考虑不同径路摘除肿瘤并行面神经移植手术。     

A case report of facial nerve hemangioma

Facial nerve hemangioma is a rare benign tumor that originates from the venous plexus surrounding the facial nerve. A case of facial nerve hemangioma in the geniculate ganglion was reported.

A 47-year-old man was referred with a left progressive facial palsy over 1 year. There were no complaints of associated hearing loss, tinnitus, headache, dizziness or otalgia. He had a left-side grade VI (House and Brackmann) facial palsy. Audiometry revealed normal hearing thresholds in conversation area bilaterally. CT imaging demonstrated a tumor at the left first genu of the facial nerve with expansion to the cochlea wall and middle skull base. MRI imaging demonstrated a centrally enhancing lesion measuring 5 mm × 10 mm in the geniculate ganglion. The tumor was totally removed by the middle cranial fossa approach. At the time of surgery the facial nerve was destroyed by the tumor in the geniculate ganglion. Histopathological examination diagnosed a hemangioma.     

Intra-parotid facial nerve multiple plexiform neurofibroma in patient with NF1

INTRODUCTION: Primary neurogenic tumours of facial nerve are uncommon with the majority found intra-temporally. Intracranial and intra-parotid neoplastic involvement of cranial nerve VII is much less common. There are 11 reported cases, in the English-language literature, of intra-parotid facial nerve plexiform neurofibromas with eight of them associated with NF1. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A child, 10 years old, with NF1, reached us for a cheek swelling, slowly increased in previous 8 years. At the age of 3 years, a plexiform neurofibroma was diagnosed by biopsy of the lesion. Clinical examination and NMR showed in the sub-cutaneous tissue of the right cheek, two contiguous nodular lesions, about 2 cm x 1.5 cm in diameter; a third neoformed lesion, about 1cm in diameter, was located above the ipsilateral labial commissure. No facial nerve impairment was seen. The patient underwent superficial parotidectomy with removal of the lesions and preservation of the facial nerve. RESULTS: The patient had a considerable regional swelling in the immediate post-operative course; no facial nerve impairment was observed. The swelling of the cheek did not show a fully regression in the post-operative course. Ultrasonography at 3 months showed a recurrence of disease. DISCUSSION: Plexiform neurofibromas should be distinguished due to their risk of malignant transformation seen in up to 15% of patients affected by NF1. Surgery is the only effective option currently available for the treatment of PNF. However, success of surgical intervention is limited by the infiltrating nature of the tumours, resulting in a high rate of tumour re-growth. Facial nerve preservation during surgery is unlikely and significant morbidity can result from their excision. The age of the patient at surgical resection seemed to influence outcome: tumours resected before age 10 years recurred in 60% of cases compared with only 30% recurrence in patients older than the age of 10 years. CONCLUSION: Indication and timing of surgery, in paediatrics patients with NF1, are complex. To avoid eventual physical and psychological consequences, it seems prudent to delay surgery as long as it is feasible for otherwise asymptomatic paediatric patients with facial plexiform neurofibroma.     

先天性颅神经异常支配性疾病及分子遗传学研究进展

先天性颅神经异常支配性疾病（congenital cranial dysinnervation disorders,CCDDs）为先天性、非进行性散发或家族性的颅神经肌肉疾病,其病因为一条或多条颅神经发育异常或完全缺如,从而引起原发或继发的对肌肉的异常支配。可表现为垂直眼球运动异常,水平眼球运动异常和面肌麻痹。以往这类疾病常被称为先天性纤维化综合征,最近的神经病理学、神经影像学和分子遗传学研究表明该类疾病是由于脑干颅神经核和（或）颅神经的发育异常引起。本文对不同类型CCDDs的临床及分子遗传学研究进展作一综述。     

人工耳蜗植入术的应用解剖学研究

目的探讨后鼓室入路人工耳蜗植入术的有关解剖,为人工耳蜗植入手术提供解剖学基础。方法取成人颞骨标本60侧(左、右各30侧),在放大6倍的手术显微镜下进行观察和测量,结果进行统计学处理。结果圆窗龛(窝)的形态大体分为2种类型:近圆形(52%)和近半圆形(48%)。圆窗龛下壁有一窦腔者占86.7%。岬下脚出现率为11.7%,岬小桥出现率为33.3%。颈静脉窝高位,窝顶达圆窗龛上缘者占11.7%,均未影响圆窗龛的形态。外耳道上棘至锥隆起、鼓索隆起、圆窗龛前唇(缘)、面神经管锥曲的距离分别是(18.02±1.21)mm、(15.22±1.32)mm、(20.09±1.20)mm、(14.96±2.03)mm。鼓索隆起至面神经管锥曲、锥隆起的距离分别是(3.33±0.42)mm、(3.79±0.56)mm。锥隆起向后至面神经管的距离平均为(3.58±0.47)mm。结论后鼓室进路即是通过面神经隐窝的进路,面神经隐窝大小各异,鼓索隆起至面神经管锥曲和至锥隆起的距离,可作为面神经隐窝的宽度。人工耳蜗植入术经面神经隐窝入路较理想,距圆窗龛较近,有利于电极插入。该入路靠近面神经管,手术操作时应注意保护面神经。圆窗龛前唇遮盖圆窗膜,手术时必须磨去前唇暴露圆窗膜。