P300, Disinhibited Personality, and Early-Onset Alcohol Problems

BACKGROUND: Recent research suggests that a reduced P300 amplitude of the event-related potential is associated with a vulnerability to alcoholism. This study tested the hypothesis that reductions in the P300 amplitude would be associated with specific dimensions of disinhibited personality (social deviance proneness and impulsivity) and that these personality traits would mediate the association between P300 and alcohol problems in a young adult sample that varied widely in disinhibitory traits. METHODS: Alcohol problems, personality (impulsivity, social deviance, harm avoidance, and excitement seeking), and event-related potentials were measured in a sample of 190 subjects (87 men, 103 women) with a mean age of 20.7 +/- 1.9 years. RESULTS: Social deviance, impulsivity, and alcohol problems were associated with reductions in the P300, but only in male subjects. A structural model suggested that social deviance, impulsivity, and alcohol problems were all strongly related to P300 amplitude at Fz. Further analyses indicated that for male subjects, social deviance mediated the association between P300 at Fz and alcohol problems as well as the association between impulsivity and alcohol problems. CONCLUSIONS: This study suggests that reduced P300s are strongly associated with a general tendency toward antisocial, defiant, and impulsive traits, which might, in turn, increase the risk for alcohol abuse. The lack of an association between reduced P300s and personality or alcohol problems in women was unexpected and deserves further study.     

Psychometric Evaluation of Romanian Translations of the Behavior Problems Inventory-01 and the Nisonger Child Behavior Rating Form

Psychometric properties of Romanian translations of the Behavior Problems Inventory-01 (BPI-01; Rojahn, Matson, Lott, Esbensen, & Smalls, 2001 Rojahn, J., Matson, J. L., Lott, D., Esbensen, A. J. and Smalls, Y. 2001. The Behavior Problems Inventory: An instrument for the assessment of self-injury, stereotyped behavior, and aggression/destruction in individuals with developmental disabilities. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 31: 577–588. [Crossref], [PubMed], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar]) and the Nisonger Child Behavior Rating Form (NCBRF; Aman, Tassé, Rojahn, & Hammer, 1996 Aman, M. G., Tassé, M. J., Rojahn, J. and Hammer, D. 1996. The Nisonger CBRF: A child behavior rating form for children with developmental disabilities. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 17: 41–57. [Crossref], [PubMed], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar]) were explored. Respondents completed the instruments for 115 children and adolescents with intellectual disabilities. Internal consistency of both instruments' total scales was good to excellent (Cronbach's α ranging from .88 to .95) and the subscale internal consistencies were fair to excellent (with α ranging from .74 to .94). The results based on bivariate Spearman correlations and multiple regression analyses provided strong convergent and discriminant validity of both instruments. Overall, the Romanian versions of the behavior rating scales had very good reliability (internal consistencies) and convergent and discriminant validity. It is hoped that this study will be a catalyst for Romanian clinicians and researchers as well as for transcultural researchers working with Romanian individuals with intellectual disabilities to continue the exploration of the utility and psychometric quality not only of the BPI-01 and the NCBRF but also of other English language psychopathology assessment instruments.     

我国药物经济学研究的现状和建议

目的:为推进我国药物经济学研究提供理论参考。方法:通过对药物经济学文献进行分析,总结出国内研究现状,探讨存在问题的原因,并提出建议。结果与结论:中国地广人多,共享信息的途径太少;药物经济学研究涉及面广,医药卫生行业的人员对经济学、社会学的知识掌握不够;"以药养医"现象的存在,药物经济学研究成果的推广难免会触及多方经济利益。建议应加强药物流行病学研究,整合研究人员知识结构;深化医药卫生体制改革,破除"以药养医"现象。     

农村糖尿病患者使用胰岛素存在的问题与护理对策

目的了解农村糖尿病患者使用胰岛素时存在的问题,并提出对策。方法自行设计糖尿病患者调查表,对60例农村糖尿病患者使用胰岛素的状况进行调查。结果农村糖尿病患者在使用胰岛素中存在不进行血糖监测、未正确掌握胰岛素注射技术、不按要求更换针头及注射部位、经常漏注胰岛素以及储存方法不正确等问题。结论医护人员应该对农村糖尿病患者加大健康教育力度,社区、乡镇卫生院对农村糖尿病患者应进行规范管理,定期上门访视,提高治疗依从性,从而提高生活质量。     

Impulsivity, Sensation Seeking, and Behavioral and Emotional Responses to Alcohol

Three hundred forty-two male and female subjects from the Colorado Alcohol Research on Twins and Adoptees returned a mailed questionnaire that included the Eysenck Impulsivity-Venturesomeness-Empathy scales. These subjects had previously been tested in a procedure in which they were given a 0.8 g/kg dose of ethanol to bring their peak blood alcohol concentration (BAC) to near 0.10 g/dl, given topping doses to maintain this BAC over a 3-hr period, and repeatedly tested on a battery of diverse physiological, psychomotor, perceptual speed, and mood measures. Impulsivity was significantly correlated with higher levels of self-reported alcohol use and the occurrence of alcohol use problems in males, while both impulsivity and venturesomeness (sensation seeking) were significantly correlated with lessened motor impairment following alcohol use in males. These personality measures, however, were not significantly correlated with mood measures following initial alcohol dosing. Impulsivity and venturesomeness were uncorrelated with alcohol use and responses to alcohol in females, but as with males, impulsivity was related to the occurrence of alcohol use problems in females.     

Impulsivity,Sensation-Seeking,and Part-Time Job Status in Relation to Substance Use and Gambling in Adolescents

PurposeAlthough impulsivity, sensation-seeking, and part-time employment have each been linked to risky behaviors in adolescents, their inter-relationships are less well-understood. We examined data from adolescents to assess the following predictions: (1) sensation-seeking would relate closely to substance use and gambling; (2) impulsivity would relate closely to alcohol, drug, and gambling problems; and (3) these relationships would be particularly strong among those holding part-time jobs.MethodHigh-school students (N = 3,106) were surveyed to provide data on impulsivity, sensation-seeking, and part-time job status. Bivariate and logistic regression analyses were conducted to examine relationships with gambling, substance use (i.e., alcohol, cigarettes, and marijuana) and related problems.ResultsBoth impulsivity and sensation-seeking related significantly to substance use and impulsivity to gambling. Impulsivity had stronger associations with drug and gambling problems than sensation-seeking did. Students with paid part-time jobs were more likely to drink alcohol, binge drink, and use marijuana. Sensation-seeking had a particularly strong relationship to heavy cigarette smoking among students with part-time jobs. Conversely, there was little relationship between part-time job status and smoking among low sensation-seekers.ConclusionsThese findings further support the relevance of sensation-seeking, impulsivity, and part-time job status to risky behaviors among adolescents. Sensation-seeking and impulsivity had unique relationships to risky behaviors, in accordance with theory and prior evidence. Impulsive adolescents may be in particular need for interventions to reduce drug use and gambling. Although part-time jobs can be beneficial, parents and caregivers should be mindful of potential negative ramifications of paid work outside the home.     

我国儿科住院医师规范化培训的发展及存在的问题

住院医师规范化培训是培养高素质临床医师的重要途径,是提高医疗水平的重要手段,关乎我国医疗事业的发展。近年来,我国住院医师的规范化培训已经有了长足的发展,但不可否认还存在一定的问题,只有采取相应的对策,我国的医学事业才会有更快更好的发展。