The development of theory of mind: predictors and moderators of improvement in kindergarten

ABSTRACT

Theory of mind describes the ability to engage in perspective-taking, infer mental states, and predict intentions, behavior, and actions in others. Theory of mind performance is associated with foundational cognitive and socioemotional skills, including verbal ability (receptive and expressive vocabulary), executive function (inhibitory control and working memory), and emotion knowledge. In a sample of 354 children from low-income households, theory of mind and foundational skills were directly assessed before and after kindergarten. Results indicate emotion knowledge, inhibitory control, and expressive language predicted improvement in theory of mind. Expressive language also served as a moderator such that children with low expressive language failed to improve in theory of mind regardless of initial theory of mind performance.     

Orthogonal Cultural Identification Theory: Theoretical Links Between Cultural Identification and Substance Use

This paper diagrams and discusses orthogonal cultural identification theory, proposing that cultural identification is developed and maintained through complex interactions and negotiations between the culture and the person. When the individual meets cultural requirements, the culture provides rewards that match cultural needs and reinforce cultural identification. Strong identification with one culture does not prevent identification with another. A breakdown in this interaction can lead to alienation and possibly to identification with a deviant subculture and/or to drug use.     

Behavioral intention to prevent cervical cancer and related factors among female high school students in Japan

Aim

This study aimed to examine female high school students’ behavioral intention to prevent cervical cancer and related factors.

Methods

The participants were 2158 female high school students at 16 high schools in A prefecture in the Tohoku region in Japan. A self‐administered questionnaire was carried out that was developed based on a conceptual framework comprising the Health Belief Model and Theory of Reasoned Action.

Results

The responses were obtained from 2072 students (96.0%). Of these, the answers of 2028 respondents were analyzed after excluding those participants who did not complete the behavioral intention item (effective response rate: 97.0%). A factor analysis and covariance structure analysis yielded a model with strong goodness‐of‐fit that explained the behavioral intentions based on an “Awareness of the importance and effectiveness of cervical cancer screening,” “Obstacles to cervical cancer prevention behavior,” “Subjective norms for adopting cervical cancer prevention behavior,” and “The behavior of someone close that encourages cervical cancer prevention behavior.”

Conclusion

The statistical analysis yielded a model with strong goodness‐of‐fit that explained female high school students’ behavioral intentions, which were related to four factors, including “the awareness of the importance and effectiveness of cervical cancer screening.”

     

What is the patient acceptability of real time 1:1 videoconferencing in an orthopaedics setting? A systematic review

Background

Real time 1:1 videoconferencing (VC) has the potential to play an important role in the management of orthopaedic pathologies. Despite positive reporting of telemedicine studies uptake in clinical practice remains low. Acceptability to patients is an important element of system take-up in telemedicine and a focus towards qualitative methodology may explore the underlying reasons behind its acceptability. In this paper we have systematically reviewed qualitative studies that include evidence about patient responses to VC services in an orthopaedic setting.

Changing Physical Activity Behavior in People With Multiple Sclerosis: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Objectives

To (1) systematically review the literature on behavioral interventions for people with multiple sclerosis (MS) that aim to change physical activity (PA) behavior; and (2) explore whether these interventions are clinically effective in improving PA, are theory based, and use established behavior change techniques (BCTs).

Translational Mobilisation Theory: A new paradigm for understanding the organisational elements of nursing work

Translational Mobilisation Theory (TMT) is a generic sociological theory that explains how emergent projects of collective action are progressed in complex organisational contexts. Grounded in a substantial programme of research on healthcare work, it has value for understanding the organisational component of the nursing role for educational, practice and research purposes. This paper introduces Translational Mobilisation Theory, outlines its core components, and considers its application to nursing using ethnographic research on the organising work of nurses as an empirical reference. Organising work is a neglected element of the nursing function and lacks theoretical foundations. As the complexity and intensity of healthcare continues to accelerate this is an important gap in existing frameworks of understanding.     

多元智力理论视阈下的医学信息学本硕博连读培养模式

［］本硕博连读研究生培养模式旨在培养具有原创精神和能力的研究型人才。本文从多元智力理论出发,从理论层面对本硕博连读培养模式进行阐述;结合研究生教育改革实践,从选拔标准、培养模式、过程管理、质量监控、分流淘汰机制、论文答辩以及学术成果要求等几个方面对医学信息学本硕博连读培养中的关键环节进行了分析。