Decline of Renal Function Is Associated with Proteinuria and Systolic Blood Pressure in the Morning in Diabetic Nephropathy

The aim of this study was to investigate a significance of increased proteinuria in the morning and the effects of antihypertensive treatment on proteinuria and arterial blood pressure in the progression of chronic renal insufficiency in type 2 diabetic patients with hypertension and nephropathy. In three 24-hr urine samples and blood pressure monitoring, separated into a night-and daytime and spot urine in the morning, variation in protein-creatinine ratio (g/g) and blood pressure were assessed in 24 (58 ± 3 years old; M/F: 17/7) diabetic patients with hypertension and nephropathy. Furthermore, the effects of antihypertensive therapy of combinations of angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor, calcium antagonists, diuretics, and α1 blocker were evaluated in 3 years. Home blood pressure measurement was carried out every month and 24-hr urine was collected every 2 months. The baseline urine excretion of protein-creatinine ratio and blood pressure were (1.22 ± 0.13 g/g creatinine: 154/96 ± 6/5 mmHg) in daytime and (1.39 ± 0.13: 168/88 ± 15/7) in the morning. At the end of the study, significant associations among a decline of 24-hr creatinine clearance and both of the urine excretion of protein-creatinine ratio (r = 0.47, p < .01) and the levels of systolic blood pressure (r = 0.46, p < .01) and between the levels of systolic blood pressure and the urine excretion of protein-creatinine ratio in the morning (r = 0.57, p < .001) were demonstrated. However, there were no significant associations among other variables. Analysis of patients who had systolic blood pressure in the morning less than 140 mmHg revealed that 65% of these patients received doxazosin-averaged doses of 4.8 ± 1.5 mg daily. The levels of both blood pressure and proteinuria-creatinine ratio in the morning mainly associate with progression of renal function in diabetic patients with hypertension and nephropathy.     

Angiotensin receptor antagonists in patients with nephropathy due to type 2 diabetes

In the past few years diabetes has become the leading cause of end-stage renal disease in all Western countries. A correlation between blood pressure and rate of progression in diabetic nephropathy was noted very early, and increased local activity of the renin angiotensin system was identified as a major pathophysiological mechanism for proteinuria and nephrosclerosis in diabetic patients. Angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors have been shown to slow progression of nephropathy in type 1 diabetic patients. The majority of diabetic patients with nephropathy, however, are suffering from type 2 diabetes and until last year there was no convincing evidence of ACE inhibitors being able to slow progression in type 2 diabetic patients with nephropathy. Three new studies now fill this gap, showing that angiotensin receptor blockers (ARB) are nephroprotective in patients with type 2 diabetes, independently of blood pressure. This review provides an in-depth discussion of the results of these studies and provides recommendations for patient management.     

二维斑点追踪技术对糖尿病患者心脏舒缩功能的研究

目的 运用二维斑点追踪技术（STI）评价糖尿病患者的心脏收缩和舒张功能.方法 对28例糖尿病无血管并发症（DM Ⅰ组）,19例糖尿病合并血管并发症（DM Ⅱ组）及27例健康体健者（对照组）行常规二维超声,录取图像后导入EchoPAC分析软件,用斑点追踪技术对左室应变及扭转进行定量分析.结果 DM Ⅰ组及DM Ⅱ组与对照组比较,纵向应变和扭转角度峰值减小,扭转速度达峰时间缩短,解旋速度达峰时间延长、扭转速度峰值、解旋速度峰值及解旋率均减小,且随着并发症的出现差异更明显.结论 STI技术可以定量评价糖尿病患者的心脏收缩和舒张功能.     

梅花针叩刺治疗脾肾两虚夹瘀型糖尿病周围神经病变的临床观察

目的：探讨梅花针叩刺治疗脾肾两虚夹瘀型糖尿病周围神经病变(DPN)的临床效果。方法：选取2015年2月至2018年1月广州市番禺区中医院收治的脾肾两虚夹瘀型DPN患者110例作为研究对象，随机分为对照组(n＝50)与观察组(n＝60)。对照组给予硫辛酸+甲钴胺治疗，观察组在对照组治疗的基础上给予梅花针叩刺治疗，2组均治疗观察28 d，记录并观察2组的疗效和预后。结果：观察组的总有效率为98.3%，显著高于对照组的88.0%(P<0.05)。治疗后2组的神经电图潜伏期低于治疗前，且波幅高于治疗前，2组比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。2组治疗后正中神经和腓总神经的MNCV、SNCV高于治疗前，且观察组高于对照组，差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。治疗后6个月随访，观察组的复发率为1.7%，显著低于对照组的14.0%，差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论：梅花针叩刺治疗脾肾两虚夹瘀型DPN能改善神经功能指标，提高治疗效果，降低远期复发率。     

血管紧张素转换酶基因多态性与糖尿病及其肾脏合并症发病的关系

目的探讨血管紧张素转换酶（ＡＣＥ）基因插入／缺失（Ｉ／Ｄ）多态性与Ⅱ型糖尿病（ＮＩＤＤＭ）及其肾脏合并症发病的关系。方法应用聚合酶链反应（ＰＣＲ）扩增技术检测了１０９例ＮＩＤＤＭ患者及１５５例健康对照者的ＡＣＥ基因Ｉ／Ｄ多态性。结果位于ＡＣＥ基因第１６内含子的Ｉ／Ｄ多态性经ＰＣＲ技术扩增后分为三种基因型：纯合子缺失型（ＤＤ）,纯合子插入型（Ｉ）及杂合子插入／缺失型（ＩＤ）。１０９例ＮＩＤＤＭ患者与１５５例正常对照组之间基因型及等位基因频率差异均无显著意义;ＮＩＤＤＭ合并肾病者（ＤＮ）的基因型与未合并肾病者无显著性差异,但等位基因则有显著性差异（Ｄ、Ｉ等位基因为０４５和０５５对０３０和０７０）（Ｐ＜００２）;ＮＩＤＤＭ病程≤１年即伴有肾病者与病程≥５年仍无肾病者比较,ＤＤ型及Ｄ等位基因均显著高于无肾病组（Ｐ均＜００５）,后者以Ｉ型及Ｉ等位基因占绝对优势。结论ＡＣＥ基因多态性与ＮＩＤＤＭ发病无关,而与其肾脏合并症则明显相关,ＤＤ型是ＤＮ的易感基因,而Ｉ型则为其保护基因。     

Predisposing factors for surgical site infection of spinal instrumentation surgery for diabetes patients

Purpose

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is known as an important risk factor for surgical site infection (SSI) in spine surgery. It is still unclear however which DM-related parameters have stronger influence on SSI. The purpose of this study is to determine predisposing factors for SSI following spinal instrumentation surgery for patients with DM.

Methods

110 DM patients (66 males and 44 females) who underwent spinal instrumentation surgery in one institute were enrolled in this study. For each patient, various preoperative or intraoperative parameters were reviewed from medical records. Patients were divided into two groups (SSI or non-SSI) based on the postoperative course. Each parameter between these two groups was compared. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed to determine predisposing factor for SSI.

Results

The SSI group consisted of 11 patients (10 %), and the non-SSI group of 99 patients (90 %). Univariate analysis revealed that preoperative proteinuria (p = 0.01), operation time (p = 0.04) and estimated blood loss (p = 0.02) were significantly higher in the SSI group compared to the non-SSI group. Multivariate logistic regression identified preoperative proteinuria as a statistically significant predictor of SSI (OR 6.28, 95 % CI 1.58–25.0, p = 0.009).

Conclusions

Proteinuria is a significant predisposing factor for SSI in spinal instrumentation surgery for DM patients. DM patients with proteinuria who are likely to suffer latent nephropathy have a potential risk for SSI. For them less invasive surgery is recommended for spinal instrumentation. In this retrospective study, there was no significant difference of preoperative condition in glycemic control between the two groups.