Correlation-based decomposition of surface electromyograms at low contraction forces

The paper studies a surface electromyogram (SEMG) decomposition technique suitable for identification of complete motor unit (MU) firing patterns and their motor unit action potentials (MUAPs) during low-level isometric voluntary muscle contractions. The algorithm was based on a correlation matrix of measurements, assumed unsynchronised (uncorrelated) MU firings, exhibited a very low computational complexity and resolved the superimposition of MUAPs. A separation index was defined that identified the time instants of an MU's activation and was eventually used for reconstruction of a complete MU innervation pulse train. In contrast with other decomposition techniques, the proposed approach worked well also when the number of active MUs was slightly underestimated, if the MU firing patterns partly overlapped and if the measurements were noisy. The results on synthetic SEMG show 100% accuracy in the detection of innervation pulses down to a signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of 10 dB, and 93±4.6% (mean± standard deviation) accuracy with 0 dB additive noise. In the case of real SEMG, recorded with an array of 61 electrodes from biceps brachii of five subjects at 10% maximum voluntary contraction, seven active MUs with a mean firing rate of 14.1 Hz were identified on average.     

Light bodies in human pituitary adenomas

Summary Light bodies are large cytoplasmic granules originally described in the gonadotrophic cells of the rat pituitary gland. In order to determine whether similar bodies occur in the human anterior pituitary gland, 89 pituitary adenomas and periadenomatous tissue from 20 cases were examined by transmission electron microscopy. Double membrane bound bodies with filamentous internal structure identical to rodent light bodies were identified in 10 hormone-producing adenomas: 5 PRL, 1 PRL-GH, 2 GH, and 2 ACTH-producing tumours. No light bodies were found in the remaining 79 tumours nor in the pituitary cells in periadenomatous tissue from 20 cases. These results show that some human pituitary adenomas may contain light bodies identical to those seen in gonadotrophs of rat pituitary.Abbreviations PRL prolactin - GH growth hormone - ACTH adenocorticotropic hormone - FSH follicle-stimulating hormone - LH luteinizing hormone     

Mast cell populations in the chick embryo lung and their response to compound 48/80 and dexamethasone

Summary Two mast cell populations, connective tissue mast cells (CTMCs) and mucosal mast cells, (MMCs) containing different proteoglycans in their granules, can be distinguished in several animal species by means of histochemical methods. In this study we documented the presence of these two types of mast cell in the chick embryo lung, from the 15th incubation day for the MMCs, and from the 18th incubation day for the CTMCs. Lungs of embryos treated with compound 48/ 80, which produces degranulation of the CTMCs, showed a decrease in the number of this type of mast cell and an unchanged number of MMCs. In the lungs of embryos treated with dexamethasone, which degranulates MMCs, a reduction in the number of these cells and an unchanged number of the CTMs were found.     

Inhibitory effect of DS-4574, a peptidoleukotriene antagonist with mast cell stabilizing action,on compound 48/80-induced gastric mucosal lesions in rats

We evaluated the inhibitory effect of DS-4574, a peptidoleukotriene antagonist with mast cell stabilizing action, on rat gastric mucosal lesions induced by compound 48/80 (C48/80: a mast cell degranulator), in comparison with those of disodium cromoglycate (DSCG: a mast cell stabilizer), LY171883 (a peptidoleukotriene antagonist) and cimetidine (a histamine H₂ receptor antagonist). Subcutaneous administration of C48/80 (1 mg/kg) once daily for four consecutive days produced extensive gastric lesions in the fundic mucosa. DS-4574 (20, 50 and 100 mg/kg/day, oral) and DSCG (200 mg/kg/day, intraperitoneal) treatment markedly inhibited formation of these mucosal lesions, but LY171883 (100 and 200 mg/kg/day, oral) and cimetidine (400 mg/kg/day, oral) treatment did not. Moreover, DS-4574 and DSCG significantly suppressed both hyperhistaminemia and histamine release from rat peritoneal mast cells induced by C48/80. These results indicate that the inhibitory effect of DS-4574 on gastric lesions induced by C48/80 may be related to its mast cell stabilizing action, but to neither its antisecretory nor its peptidoleukotriene antagonistic activity.     

糖皮质激素对膝关节周围成骨细胞一氧化氮合酶和骨重建的影响

目的研究糖皮质激素对膝关节成骨细胞一氧化氮合酶表达和软骨下骨质重建的影响。方法取健康SD大鼠24只，体重（0．45±0．02）kg，随机分为实验组（A组）和对照组（B组），每组12只。实验组每周一次左膝关节腔内注射复方倍他米松0．02ml／kg，对照组每周一次左膝关节腔内注射生理盐水0．02ml／kg。4周时对两组大鼠的左侧膝关节股骨成骨细胞的诱生型一氧化氮合酶（inducible nitric oxide synthase，iNOS）和内皮细胞型一氧化氮合酶（endothelial nitric oxide synthase，eNOS）免疫组织化学研究，测定其平均灰度值和平均积分光密度，同时进行左胫骨软骨下骨质显微结构观察。结果实验组和对照组iNOS免疫组化的结果均为阴性，实验组eNOS的表达显著低于对照组（P〈0．01），实验组左胫骨的软骨下骨质旱骨质疏松特征。结论糖皮质激素对膝关节成骨细胞内皮细胞型一氧化氮合酶的表达和软骨下骨质生成有明显的抑制作用。     

Control of fluid shear response in circulating leukocytes by integrins

Recent evidence shows that circulating leukocytes respond not only to humoral inflammatory mediators but also to fluid stresses. Application of fluid shear stress (of the order of 1–10 cm² to fresh migrating leukocytes leads to initial retraction of pseudopods, an important step to facilitate normal passage of leukocytes through the microcirculation and to prevent spreading on the endothelium. The ability to respond to fluid shear stress, however, may be regulated under different physiological conditions. In the current study, we examine the role of integrins in the fluid shear response as measured by pseudopod retraction with the use of antibodies against human neutrophil ₁ and ₂ integrins. Neutrophils adhering via ₂ integrins exhibit normal ability to project pseudopods and to migrate. Such cells show normal response to fluid shear with rapid pseudopod retraction. In contrast, attachment via ₁ integrins leads to firmly adhesive leukocytes, spreading and almost no cell migration. Such leukocytes exhibit a significantly attenuated ability for pseudopod retraction under fluid shear. These results suggest that integrins may serve as a regulating mechanism for fluid shear response in human leukocytes. Attachment via ₁ integrins may lead to an abolishment of the fluid shear response. © 2002 Biomedical Engineering Society. PAC2002: 8716-b, 8719Tt     

复方补血胶囊中葡萄糖酸亚铁的含量测定

目的：复方补血胶囊中葡萄糖酸亚铁的含量测定。方法：根据Fe^2 与邻二氮菲显色,在510nm处有最大吸收,利用分光光度法测定。结果：葡萄糖亚铁在7－34μg/ml的浓度范围内线性关系良好（r=0.9999),回收率、日内变异均符合要求,结论：建立了复方补血胶囊中葡萄糖酸亚铁的含量测定方法。     

复方苁蓉益智胶囊联合奥拉西坦治疗老年阿尔茨海默病的临床疗效

目的：分析复方苁蓉益智胶囊联合奥拉西坦治疗老年阿尔茨海默病的临床疗效。方法：选取2018年1月至2021年9月北京市隆福医院收治的148例老年阿尔茨海默病患者作为研究对象,采用随机数字表法简单随机化分为对照组和观察组,每组74例。对照组采用奥拉西坦胶囊进行治疗,观察组在对照组的基础上联合复方苁蓉益智胶囊治疗,均治疗3个月。比较2组患者临床疗效、氧化应激指标、炎症介质、病情严重程度、胆碱能神经递质水平、血液流变学指标及简易精神状态量表（MMSE）评分。结果：治疗后,观察组总有效率高于对照组（P<0.05）。与治疗前比较,治疗后2组患者血清超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、乙酰胆碱（ACh）、胆碱酯酶（AChE）水平、MMSE及画钟试验评分、即刻记忆、回忆、注意力及计算力、地点定向力、时间定向力、语言评分升高,观察组高于对照组（均P<0.05）;2组患者血清丙二醛（MDA）、白细胞介素-1β（IL-1β）、核因子κB水平及临床痴呆量表（CDR）评分、全血高切黏度、全血低切黏度、红细胞聚集指数降低,观察组低于对照组（均P<0.05）。结论：复方苁蓉益智胶囊联合奥拉西坦可有效减轻老年阿尔茨海默病患者机体炎症反应和氧化应激反应,缓解患者病情进展,调节神经递质水平和血液流变学,改善其认知功能,具有较好的治疗效果。     

清咳平喘颗粒治疗痰热郁肺型咳嗽的临床疗效观察

目的 观察清咳平喘颗粒治疗痰热郁肺型咳嗽的临床有效性。方法 选取2020年1月—2021年6月上海中医药大学附属龙华医院呼吸科门诊就诊的痰热郁肺型咳嗽患者100例,按随机数字表法分为对照组和治疗组各50例,对照组为西医常规治疗,治疗组在西医常规治疗基础上联合清咳平喘颗粒治疗。两组均连续治疗2周。观察两组患者治疗前后的中医证候、咳嗽症状、气道反应（血清免疫球蛋白E、外周血嗜酸性粒细胞）、肺功能［最大呼气流量、第1秒用力呼气容积（forced expiratory volume for 1 second,FEV1）与用力肺活量（forced vital capacity,FVC）的比值］、生活质量及不良反应情况。结果 治疗后,对照组和治疗组的总有效率分别是90%、94%,两组比较差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）。治疗后,两组患者中医证候评分、日间及夜间咳嗽积分较治疗前降低,且治疗组明显低于对照组（P<0.05）。治疗后,两组血清免疫球蛋白E、外周血嗜酸性粒细胞较治疗前明显下降,且治疗组气道反应指标改善好于对照组（P<0.05）。治疗后,两组最大呼气流量、FEV1/FVC较治疗前明显上升（P<0.05）,但两组比较差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）。随访时两组患者的生活质量评分较治疗前均显著升高,治疗组评分改善优于对照组,两组比较差异具有统计学意义（P<0.05）。治疗期间两组均未发生不良反应。结论 清咳平喘颗粒在治疗痰热郁肺型咳嗽安全性良好,有助于改善咳嗽症状,改善肺通气,提高患者生活质量。     

杏贝止咳颗粒对豚鼠感染后咳嗽的治疗作用

目的 探讨杏贝止咳颗粒对豚鼠感染后咳嗽（post-infectious cough,PIC）的治疗作用。方法 除对照组外,将3～4周龄SPF级雄性Hartley豚鼠采用鼻滴脂多糖、烟熏、辣椒素雾化激发来构建PIC豚鼠模型。造模成功后分为模型组及杏贝止咳颗粒低、中、高剂量（0.93、1.86、3.72 g/kg）组、阿斯美（21.62 mg/kg）组和苏黄止咳胶囊（313.88 mg/kg）组,末次给药后24 h,通过辣椒素雾化诱咳测定咳嗽次数及潜伏期,采用ELISA法检测血清、肺泡灌洗液和肺组织中P物质（substance P,SP）、降钙素相关基因肽（calcitonin gene related peptide,CGRP）、神经肽A(neurokinin A,NKA)、神经肽B(neurokinin B,NKB)、神经生长因子（nerve growth factor,NGF）、前列腺素E2(prostaglandin E2,PGE2)和缓激肽（bradykinin,BK）含量,血液分析仪测定肺泡灌洗液中白细胞分类,并用苏木素-伊红（HE）染色法观察肺组织病理变化。结果 与对照组比较...