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101.
Recent studies have established resident memory T cells (TRM) as the dominant memory lymphocyte population surveying most nonlymphoid tissues. Unlike other memory T cell lineages, TRM do not recirculate through blood and are permanently confined to their tissue of residence. TRM orchestrate local immune responses and have been shown to accelerate local pathogen control in many experimental infection models. Here we briefly summarize recent advances in TRM differentiation, maintenance, and their protective function. While little is known, we have speculated on the potential implications of TRM for transplantation biology. Areas of emphasis include the role of passenger TRM in controlling latent viral recrudescence in donor organs, donor TRM as a source of graft‐versus‐host disease, the ability of TRM to potently induce inflammation through sensing and alarm functions, and differentiation of host T cells into TRM in response to local cues inside the allograft. Further investigation of TRM in the context of transplantation might identify therapeutic targets to prolong graft survival. 相似文献
102.
《ALTER. European Journal of Disability research, Journal europeen de recherche sur le handicap》2016,10(2):e1-e13
In this article, I analyze one evolution in disability research over the past 30 years: the shift from an individual to a social approach to disability. While most disability research has currently “socialized” disability or at the least situates disabled people within a social context, not all do so in the same way nor based on the same assumptions. They lead to different concepts of the person and society and different concepts of disability and normalcy. I analyze this evolution by looking at three approaches to disability: the social model, the approach taken in the sociology of science and technology, and the ethics of care. I show how each, by renewing the analysis of disability, has brought about changes for disabled people and transformed ways of “living together” and “making society”. I also show the limits of these approaches and propose lines of thought for the continuation of our research, notably around the question of autonomy. I propose that we rethink autonomy from the standpoint of the notion of “recalcitrance”. 相似文献
103.
Guðrún Árnadóttir 《Scandinavian journal of occupational therapy》2017,24(2):98-108
Yerxa’s [1] model of an integrated profession depicts a circular scholarly process whereby ideas formed in practice are subjected to research and then returned to practice through education. This knowledge-generating cycle supports occupational science and the development of our professional identity. The aim of this article is to demonstrate how Yerxa’s model was used to evaluate if three developmental cycles of the ADL-Focused Occupation-Based Neurobehavioral Evaluation (A-ONE) sufficiently represented all necessary model components required for implementation into practice. The three cycles were historical, educational and measurement. The necessary components included: (a) dilemmas in practice, (b) new ideas that emerged from those practice issues, (c) research to test those ideas and (d) education designed to integrate new knowledge into practice. The results of this analysis of the A-ONE supported adequate research related to ideas from practice being implemented back into practice. Through using the model of an integrated profession to reflect on ideas ignited within practice, and then implementing research to explore the potential contribution of those ideas to knowledge generation, we gain the power to influence the future development of occupational science and the profession. 相似文献
104.
Julian Kiverstein 《Topics in Cognitive Science》2012,4(4):740-758
There is substantial disagreement among philosophers of embodied cognitive science about the meaning of embodiment. In what follows, I describe three different views that can be found in the current literature. I show how this debate centers around the question of whether the science of embodied cognition can retain the computer theory of mind. One view, which I will label body functionalism, takes the body to play the functional role of linking external resources for problem solving with internal biological machinery. Embodiment is thus understood in terms of the role the body plays in supporting the computational circuits that realize cognition. Body enactivism argues by contrast that no computational account of cognition can account for the role of commonsense knowledge in our everyday practical engagement with the world. I will attempt a reconciliation of these seemingly opposed views. 相似文献
105.
Annemarie Weissenbacher Honglei Huang Tomas Surik Maria L. Lo Faro Rutger J. Ploeg Constantin C. Coussios Peter J. Friend Benedikt M. Kessler 《American journal of transplantation》2021,21(5):1740-1753
We describe a proteomics analysis to determine the molecular differences between normothermically perfused (normothermic machine perfusion, NMP) human kidneys with urine recirculation (URC) and urine replacement (UR). Proteins were extracted from 16 kidney biopsies with URC (n = 8 donors after brain death [DBD], n = 8 donors after circulatory death [DCD]) and three with UR (n = 2 DBD, n = 1 DCD), followed by quantitative analysis by mass spectrometry. Damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) were decreased in kidney tissue after 6 hours NMP with URC, suggesting reduced inflammation. Vasoconstriction was also attenuated in kidneys with URC as angiotensinogen levels were reduced. Strikingly, kidneys became metabolically active during NMP, which could be enhanced and prolonged by URC. For instance, mitochondrial succinate dehydrogenase enzyme levels as well as carbonic anhydrase were enhanced with URC, contributing to pH stabilization. Levels of cytosolic and the mitochondrial phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase were elevated after 24 hours of NMP, more prevalent in DCD than DBD tissue. Key enzymes involved in glucose metabolism were also increased after 12 and 24 hours of NMP with URC, including mitochondrial malate dehydrogenase and glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase, predominantly in DCD tissue. We conclude that NMP with URC permits prolonged preservation and revitalizes metabolism to possibly better cope with ischemia reperfusion injury in discarded kidneys. 相似文献
106.
目的 通过观察经皮肾穿刺微造瘘碎石取石术(MPCNL)治疗复杂肾结石的临床疗效,总结其临床价值.方法 回顾性分析2010~2011年期间收治的复杂性肾结石患者200例,其中100例患者采用经皮肾穿刺微造瘘碎石术治疗,另外100例患者进行常规的体外碎石术(ESWL).观察两组的治疗效果,主要是对住院时间、并发症,碎石率、复发率进行比较.结果观察组中住院时间、并发症发生率、碎石率、复发率等均与对照组有明显差异具有统计学意义 (P<0.05).经皮肾穿刺微造瘘碎石取石术治疗复杂肾结石的临床疗效有着姣好的临床评价.结论 采用经皮肾穿刺微造瘘碎石取石术(MPCNL)治疗复杂肾结石的效果比常规治疗的效果好,碎石率高,复发率小.对肾结石的治疗效果明显,值得临床推广使用. 相似文献
107.
108.
Kathryn J. Andrews 《Early child development and care》2019,189(8):1351-1368
To address the lack of research in early science learning and young children’s informal science experiences, this exploratory case study investigated a 7-year-old girl’s (Abigail) emergent science competencies and how they are related to her science experiences in everyday family contexts. Data sources included observations, interviews, parent journals, and the child’s digital journals that were collected over six months. Open-ended coding and constant comparison were used to analyse data. Findings revealed that Abigail’s emergent science competencies were naïve but playful and included a developing, but sophisticated, understanding of the nature of science; family learning included both spontaneous and purposeful learning that contributed to her naïve theories and islands of expertise; and her mother’s scaffolding played an important role in her emergent science competencies. The study suggests ways to connect formal science learning with informal science engagement to further young children’s science competencies. 相似文献
109.
This article is a selective literature review of social science works published on Lyme disease that draws on other articles published on similar health hazards. These works present Lyme borreliosis as an “archetypal” example of modern infectious risks. It is an “invisible” risk resulting from interactions between human activities, ecosystems, and pathogens. To tackle this risk, health authorities promote individual-based prevention measures. Perceptions of the general population should thus be better understood: different from the perceptions of experts, the general population's perceptions are socially differentiated, inclined to an “optimism bias”, and influenced by personal stories. One should also not forget the dilemmas faced by the general population when contemplating preventive behavior. The “chronic Lyme disease” controversy illustrates the modern disappointment in science, the leveling of the general population's and experts’ relative opinions, and the progressive interference of the former with expert matters. 相似文献
110.
The fission illusion is induced by multisensory (audio-visual) integration. In the present study, we assume that perceptual efficiency affects the fission illusion’s rate because this illusion occurs in a short temporal range through the integration of visual and auditory information. The present study examined the effect of perceptual efficiency on the fission illusion by presenting visual patterns with various degrees of complexity. The results indicated that it was more difficult to induce the fission illusion when more complex visual patterns were used. The effect of pattern on the illusion differed according to the stimulus onset asynchrony between the first visual stimulus and the second auditory stimulus. These results suggest that the fission illusion has a higher probability of occurring when the perceptual process of the first visual stimulus is completed and integrated with the first beep before the presentation of the second beep. Thus, the audio-visual integration is affected by the perceptual efficiency of the physical stimuli. 相似文献