NF-κB靶向性哑铃形“圈套”寡核苷酸对体外肾小球系膜细胞细胞因子表达的影响

目的:设计合成靶向NF-κB的哑铃形“圈套”ODNs,并检测其对NF-κB转录活性和肾小球系膜细胞细胞因子(TNF-α和IL-6)表达的抑制效应。方法:以NF-κB顺式作用元件κB序列为模板,设计包含两个拷贝的κB序列,长度为58个碱基的环状ODNS,合成后部分序列做FAM标记,行转集效率鉴定实验。采用电泳迁移率改变实验(EMSA)体外检测哑铃形圈套ODNs对NF-κB转录活性的抑制效应。提取大鼠肾小球系膜细胞,随机分为正常对照组、LPS刺激组、哑铃形圈套ODNs处理组、无关圈套ODNs处理组和脂质体处理组。采用阳离子脂质体将2、4、8mg/L不同剂量哑铃形圈套ODNs转染大鼠肾小球系膜细胞,6h后用LPS刺激,收集转染后8、12、18上清和细胞。用酶联免疫吸附试验(ELISA)法检测上清细胞因子蛋白表达,逆转录PCR(RT-PCR)法检测细胞因子mRNA转录。结果:阳离子脂质体可将哑铃形圈套ODNs高效转集入肾小球系膜细胞,哑铃形圈套ODNs在体外能有效地抑制NF-κB与其顺式元件的结合;4、8mg/L剂量哑铃形圈套ODNs可明显抑制LPS诱导的大鼠肾小球系膜细胞TNF-α和IL-6转录与表达。结论:靶向N...     

医院经济分配制度改革的推进思路

分配制度改革不仅是调动职工积极性的重要举措，还是卫生体制改革的重要内容，其涉及面广，政策性强，敏感度高，一直是困扰医院改革与发展的难题，也是评价医院有无活力的重要表现。     

Distribution characteristics of immunosuppressants FK506 and cyclosporin A in the blood compartment

Using two representative immunosuppressants, FK506 (FK) and cyclosporin A (CyA), of which the mechanism of pharmacological action is the same although there is a great difference in the pharmacological intensity, the distribution characteristics were studied in both in vivo and in vitro experiments using rat, dog, and human blood. Blood samples were fractionated by means of sedimentation in Ficoll-Paque®, and the drug contents in the diluted plasma fraction, erythrocyte fraction, and lymphocyte fraction were measured by an HPLC method. FK distributes to the lymphocyte fraction to a level about three times greater than that of CyA, while CyA distributes to the erythrocyte fraction to a level ten times that of FK. The distribution pattern of these fractions was independent of the drug concentration and species after correcting the drug concentration in each fraction with the blood drug concentration. The uptakes of FK and CyA in the isolated lymphocytes obtained from the rat spleen and human peripheral blood were also studied. The amount of FK taken up by the spleen lymphocytes is five times greater than that of CyA. In the case of the uptake study using human peripheral blood lymphocytes, the concentration of FK in the lymphocyte is 100-fold higher than that of CyA. This difference in the lymphocyte level between the two immunosuppressants is thought to be one of the reasons why FK is more potent than CyA, a difference of about 100-fold in the in vitro pharmacological study and about tenfold in the in vivo organ transplantation experiments.     

Sputum induction as a research tool for the study of human respiratory mucus

The study objectives were to compare in vitro transportability and physical properties of respiratory mucus, obtained invasively by direct collection (DC) right after endotracheal intubation and non-invasively by sputum induction with 3% hypertonic saline solution inhalation (SI) 24 h before the anesthesia. Twenty-two patients with no pulmonary disease scheduled for elective abdominal surgical procedures were studied. The parameters analyzed and the main results are as follows. (1) Transportability by cilia (MCT), SI was higher than DC (0.94+/-0.25 and 0.62+/-0.25; P<0.001). There was a significant correlation between the two methods and DC could be estimated by: DC=0.21+(0.44 SI) (r=0.44; P<0.001). (2) Transportability by cough (CC), SI was higher than DC (68.23+/-32.1 and 33.58+/-19.04 mm; P=0.002). (3) Contact angle (CA), SI was lower than DC (10+/-3 degrees and 22+/-14 degrees ; P=0.025). (4) Rheological properties (no significant difference obtained between SI and DC). These results indicated that SI changes mucus physical properties and transportability in non-expectorators.     

大鼠前庭神经核群向腰髓投射特征——BDA法逆行研究

目的　研究大鼠前庭神经核群向脊髓的投射纤维特征。方法　在 7例SD大鼠采用结合生物素的葡聚糖胺(BDA)逆行法观察大鼠前庭核群向脊髓的投射。结果　除前庭神经上核 (SVN)外的其余各前庭核均有向大鼠腰髓的投射 ,单侧注射的实验动物中 ,前庭神经内侧核 (MVN)、外侧核 (LVN)和降核 (DVN)的标记神经元可见于双侧 ,其中MVN和LVN的标记神经元以注射同侧占优势 ,而DVN标记神经元两侧数量基本一致。结论　大鼠前庭脊髓尾侧束发出纤维投向脊髓腰段     

Repeated measurement of the gas exchange threshold: relative size of measurement and biological variabilities

If an individual's gas exchange threshold (GET) is measured on several separate occasions, without a change in aerobic fitness, a random variability will be observed. However, it is not known how much of this variability is biologically determined and how much results from variability in the calibration and measurement processes. The statistical re-sampling technique of Bootstrapping was used to estimate the variability of the GET on a single occasion. This analysis provides the first estimate of the combined contribution of breath-by-breath measurement and calibration processes (6%), to the total between-occasion random variability, leaving biological variability to account for the remainder of the imprecision in the measurement of the GET.     

大鼠心脏穿刺采血方法的改进

目的:介绍一种大鼠活体重复采血方法。方法:大鼠腹腔麻醉后,仰卧位沿剑突下斜行向上刺入2.5~3.0cm入心,抽血。60只大鼠,每间隔10天采血2.0ml,共4次。测定其Hb、RBC、WBC、Hct、ALT、AST、TP、BUN等指标,同时心脏切片行病理学检查。结果:采用本法进行大鼠心脏取血,成功率97.8%。各次标本的实验室指标均无显著性差异(P>0.05)。20只大鼠第4次采血后剖胸,未见胸腔脏器出血、粘连、血肿等并发症。心脏切片未见心肌组织学损伤。结论:该技术操作简便,定位准确,可重复采血,动物存活率高。尤其用于自身对照,可减少动物用量,提高实验准确性。     

Standardisation of 31phosphorus-nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy determinations of high energy phosphates in humans

A procedure is described for standardising the determination of adenosine 5-triphosphate and phosphocreatine concentration ([ATP] and [PC], respectively, in absolute arbitrary units) in human muscle by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. The individual ³¹phosphorus (²¹P)-NMR spectra obtained on equal hemispherical tissue volumes (muscle plus skin and fat) were corrected for the thickness of the skin and of the subcutaneous fat. The volumes investigated were standardised using an external reference. The procedure described made possible the comparison of high energy phosphate concentrations among different subjects. It was applied to the assessment of [ATP] and [PC] in four groups of sedentary subjects (children, and adults aged 20–35, 35–50 and over 50 years), and in a group of athletes (volleyball players). The [ATP] and [PC] were not statistically different in the groups investigated.     

Eccentric and concentric torque-velocity characteristics of the quadriceps femoris in man

Summary The primary purpose of this investigation was to study the eccentric and concentric torque-velocity characteristics of the quadriceps femoris in man using a recently developed combined isometric, concentric and eccentric controlled velocity dynamometer (the SPARK System). A secondary purpose was to compare the method error associated with maximal voluntary concentric and eccentric torque output over a range of testing velocities. 21 males (21–32 years) performed on two separate days maximal voluntary isometric, concentric and eccentric contractions of the quadriceps femoris at 4 isokinetic lever arm velocities of 0° · s^–1 (isometric), 30° · s^–1 120° · s^–1 and 270° · s^–1. Eccentric peak torque and angle-specific torques (measured every 10° from 30° to 70°) did not significantly change from 0° · s^–1 to 270° · s^–1 (p>0.05) (with the exception of angle-specific 40° torque, which significantly increased;p<0.05). The mean method error was significantly higher for the eccentric tests (10.6%±1.6%) than for the concentric tests (8.1%±1.7%) (p<0.05). The mean method error decreased slightly with increasing concentric velocity (p>0.05), and increased slightly with increasing eccentric velocity (p>0.05). A tension restricting neural mechanism, if active during maximal eccentric contractions, could possibly account for the large difference seen between the present eccentric torque-velocity results and the classic results obtained from isolated animal muscle.