咀嚼口香糖对剖宫产术后产妇胃肠功能影响的Meta分析

目的：通过Meta分析,探讨咀嚼口香糖对剖宫产孕妇术后胃肠功能恢复的影响。方法：计算机检索PubMed、Cochrane Library、Embase、Medline、中国生物医学文献数据库（CBM）、维普数据库、万方数据库和中国知网等数据库中关于咀嚼口香糖和剖宫产术后胃肠功能恢复的随机对照研究。在文献筛选、提取数据、纳入文献质量评价后,运用Stata 14.0软件进行数据分析。结果：本研究共纳入27篇随机对照研究,其中中文文献6篇,英文文献21篇,共计4 008例患者,其中试验组1 983例、对照组2 025例。Meta分析结果表明,与对照组相比,试验组可有效促进剖宫产术后肠鸣音（WMD=-5.30,95%CI：-7.14~-3.46,P<0.000 1）及胃肠蠕动（SMD=-3.82,95%CI：-5.15~-2.49,P<0.000 1）的恢复,缩短肛门排气（WMD=-6.90,95%CI：-8.96~-4.85,P<0.000 1）及排便时间（WMD=-7.64,95%CI：-10.59~-4.69,P<0.000 1）,减少术后肠梗阻发生率（RR=0.15,95%CI：0.10~0.22,P<0.000 1）及患者住院时间（SMD=-0.73,95%CI：-1.11~-0.34,P<0.000 1）。结论：剖宫产术后咀嚼口香糖可有效促进胃肠功能的早期恢复,但纳入研究间异质性差异较为明显,未来需要更多标准化、多中心、大样本和高质量的临床研究来进一步验证。     

Ⅰ-Ⅲ期乳腺癌患者术后内乳淋巴结放疗的Meta分析

目的 评价Ⅰ-Ⅲ期乳腺癌患者术后进行内乳淋巴结放疗的疗效。方法 计算机检索中国期刊全文数据库、中国生物医学文献数据库、万方数据库、Pub Med、EMBASE、Web of Science、The Cochrane Library。纳入比较乳腺癌患者术后内乳淋巴结放疗组与未放疗组的临床对照研究。按照Cochrane系统评价手册5.2质量评价标准,对纳入文献方法学进行质量评价,用Rev Man 5.2软件进行Meta分析。结果 共纳入7项研究（6 835例患者）。Meta分析结果显示,与内乳淋巴结未放疗组比较,术后内乳淋巴结放疗组在5年生存率（OR=1.08,95%CI：0.93-1.27）、10年生存率（OR=0.86,95%CI：0.55-1.35）和10年无瘤生存率（OR=1.20,95%CI：0.99-1.45）方面的差异均无统计学意义（均P〉0.05）。结论 对内乳淋巴结行放射治疗没有提高Ⅰ-Ⅲ期乳腺癌患者的生存率及无瘤生存率。     

Sense of coherence and experiences of social support and mastery in the early discharge period after an acute cardiac event

Aims and objectives. The aim of this study was to examine sense of coherence and experiences of change in social support and mastery from a short‐term perspective in patients who had been admitted to hospital with a suspected myocardial infarction. Background. The early discharge period after an acute cardiac event can be a stressful and vulnerable time when psychosocial resources are of the utmost importance. A positive outcome in an encounter with a stressor is thought to be linked to a strong sense of coherence, social support and mastery. Design. A multi‐centre survey was conducted in three hospitals in southern Sweden. Methods. The sample was 300, 241 of whom completed the questionnaires; while in hospital and two weeks postdischarge. Results. In the early discharge period a low sense of coherence was found in over 60% of the sample. There was an association between social support and mastery and between sense of coherence and mastery. Differences in social support ratings, with lower ratings two weeks postdischarge, were found among women and persons over 65 years of age. Conclusions. This study adds knowledge about experiences in the early discharge period. Changes in ratings of social support but not in ratings of mastery were found between baseline and two weeks postdischarge. Relevance to clinical practice. Healthcare professionals need to be sensitive to patients’ sense of coherence, mastery and need for social support during the early discharge period. They can help patients to identify adequate support strategies and prevent future potential complications. However, to routinely assess sense of coherence, social support and mastery, there is a need for a simple and useful instrument in clinical practice.     

Public health impact of full implementation of therapeutic hypothermia after cardiac arrest

AIM: Induced hypothermia improves outcomes in patients resuscitated successfully after cardiac arrest due to ventricular fibrillation. However, a minority of US physicians currently use the therapy. The aim of this study was to project the public health impact of implementing hypothermia in all eligible US out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) survivors. METHODS: The number of OHCA patients expected to have a good outcome after hypothermia was calculated using a linear model. Literature-derived input variables included OHCA incidence rates and US 2000 census data, percent with return to spontaneous circulation (ROSC), percent eligible for hypothermia, and the expected benefit from hypothermia. Sensitivity analyses were performed to calculate a plausible range around the reference case. RESULTS: An additional 2298 US patients per year are expected to have a good neurological outcome if US physicians implement hypothermia fully in comatose survivors of OHCA. The two-way sensitivity analyses found that this number ranged from 766 to 5171 patients. This model is similarly sensitive to varying the incidence of OHCA, percent with ROSC, percent of patients eligible for hypothermia, and the number needed to treat. CONCLUSIONS: If US physicians adopt therapeutic hypothermia fully in eligible patients with OHCA, 2298 additional patients per year would be expected to achieve a good neurological outcome, a substantial public health impact. Barriers to adoption should be researched and addressed to increase acceptance and use by US physicians.     

Impaired transcallosally mediated motor inhibition in adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder is modulated by methylphenidate

Using transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) in children with ADHD, an impaired transcallosally mediated motor inhibition (ipsilateral silent period, iSP) was found, and its restoration was correlated with improvement of hyperactivity under medication with methylphenidate (MPH). Hyperactivity has been reported to decrease during transition into adulthood, although some motor dysfunction might persist. As one underlying neurophysiological process, a development-dependent normalization of motor cortical excitability might be postulated. In order to test this hypothesis, we measured the iSP in 21 adult ADHD patients and twenty-one sex- and age-matched healthy controls. In 16 of these patients, a second TMS was performed under treatment with MPH. Our results indicate a persistence of impaired transcallosally mediated motor cortical inhibition (shortened duration) in ADHD adults, which was correlated with clinical characteristics of hyperactivity and restlessness, and was restored by MPH. In contrast to ADHD in childhood, the iSP latency was not impaired, suggesting a partial development-dependent normalization of motor cortical excitability in ADHD adults. ISP duration appears to be a sensitive parameter for the assessment of disturbed intercortical inhibition in adults with ADHD.     

EEG-fMRI study of the ictal and interictal epileptic activity in patients with eyelid myoclonia with absences

Purpose: To investigate the blood oxygenation level‐dependent (BOLD) signal changes correlated with ictal and interictal epileptic discharges using electroencephalography‐correlated functional magnetic resonance imaging (EEG‐fMRI) in patients with eyelid myoclonia with absences (EMA) and then to explore the pathophysiological mechanisms of epileptic discharges and their effect on brain function. Methods: Four patients with EMA were investigated through the method of EEG‐fMRI. The characteristics of BOLD signal changes linked to ictal and interictal epileptic discharges under different states of consciousness were explored. Results: Seven sessions of EEG‐fMRI scanning in the four patients were obtained. The main regions of activation included thalamus, mesial frontal cortex, middle parietal lobe, temporal lobe, insula, midline structures, and cerebellum. Deactivations were mainly in the anterior frontal lobe, posterior parietal lobe, and posterior cingulate gyrus. Thalamic BOLD change was predominantly activation in most of our cases. The distribution of activation associated with ictal epileptic discharges was wider, and the distribution of deactivation was closer to pericortex compared with the BOLD change linked with interictal epileptic discharges. Conclusions: The activation in the thalamus may be associated with generalized spike wave in EMA; the combination of different patterns of activation with consistent pattern of deactivations (“default” pattern) in patients with EMA may prognosticate different states of consciousness in response to ictal and interictal epileptic discharges.     

Kinematics of the stiff total knee arthroplasty

The kinematics of 10 total knee replacements with poor flexion (<90°) were compared with 11 replacements with good flexion (>110°) at a mean of 3 years from surgery using optical calibration with implant shape-matching techniques from radiographs taken in standing, early-lunge, and late-lunge positions. There were no significant differences between groups in anteroposterior translation of the medial and lateral femoral condyles or tibial rotation during standing and early lunge. Groups differed in amount of posterior translation of the femoral condyles during late lunge because of the poor-flexion group's inability to achieve the same amount of flexion as the good-flexion group. Poor flexion after total knee arthroplasty, we conclude, is not associated with abnormal kinematics in the setting of well-aligned, well-fixed implants.     

In vivo kinematic analysis of a high-flexion posterior stabilized fixed-bearing knee prosthesis in deep knee-bending motion

The objective of this study was to evaluate in vivo kinematics of a high-flexion, posterior-stabilized fixed-bearing, total knee arthroplasty in weight-bearing deep knee-bending motion. A total of 20 knees implanted with the Scorpio Non-Restrictive Geometry knee system in 17 patients were assessed in this study. The Scorpio Non-Restrictive Geometry is a recent implant design with modifications made to accommodate a higher flexion range of motion and greater axial rotation, particularly during more functionally demanding activities. Patients were examined during a deep knee-bending motion using fluoroscopy, and femorotibial motion was determined using a 2-dimensional to 3-dimensional registration technique. The average flexion angle was 126.5° (110°-149°). The femoral component demonstrated a mean of 13.5° (5.2°-21°) external rotation. The external rotation increased up to maximum flexion. The pivot pattern was a medial pivot pattern similar to that reported in normal knee kinematics.