Nutrition for the micro preemie: Beyond milk

Nutritional support is a fundamental component of the care of the extremely preterm infant, including the “micro preemie” (here defined as a baby born weighing less than 500 g), but goes beyond considerations of milk as a food. This is because milk from an infant's own mother, unlike currently available substitutes, additionally provides invaluable non-nutritive benefits.Nutritional support requires suitable devices or techniques to administer nutrients enterally or intravenously, products shown to be safe in preterm populations, and efficacy demonstrated in respect of important functional outcomes. Sadly, preterm feeding remains characterised by a deficit of evidence. In this chapter, we will briefly describe the history of preterm nutrition, discuss current enteral and parenteral practice, important evidence gaps, a summary of approaches for evaluating nutritional practice, and key considerations for future endeavour. Our discussion refers to all extremely preterm infants and it not confined to the micro preemie.     

Accuracy of the London Atlas,Haavikko’s Method and Cameriere’s European Formula of dental age estimation in Turkish children

Age estimation is a mandatory procedure when the chronological age is unknown or uncertain. Dental development is the preferred characteristic for estimating a child's age. There are many methods for dental age estimation, but their reliability can differ between populations. This study compared the accuracy of three of these methods—the London Atlas (LA), Haavikko's method (HM), and Cameriere's European formula (CF)—in Turkish children living in northwestern Turkey. Panoramic radiographs of 980 children from northwestern Turkey aged between 6.00 and 14.99 years were examined for the whole study group and separately for different ages and sexes by all three methods. Statistical differences between chronological age and dental age were tested using the paired sample t-test and the Wilcoxon signed-rank test. The LA, HM, and CF accuracies were determined based on the mean absolute error. Spearman's rank correlation coefficient showed that the correlation between chronological age and dental age for both sexes was linear for all methods. The LA overestimated the chronological age by 0.09 years, while HM and CF underestimated it by 0.49 and 0.11 years, respectively. The difference between dental age and chronological age was significant in all samples, for all methods, except for the LA in boys. When boys, girls, and the total sample were evaluated, values with the lowest mean absolute error were obtained by HM and were statistically significant in all three groups. Therefore, HM is more accurate than the LA and CF for dental age estimation in Turkish children living in northwestern Turkey.     

补肾调经方治疗肾阴虚型多囊卵巢综合征的临床研究

目的:探讨上海市名老中医经验方——补肾调经方治疗肾阴虚型多囊卵巢综合征的临床疗效。方法:选取2017年1月至2019年3月上海市浦东新区中医医院收治的肾阴虚型多囊卵巢综合征患者60例作为研究对象,按照随机数字表法分为治疗组和对照组,每组30例。对照组患者给予枸橼酸氯米芬片口服治疗,治疗组患者给予补肾调经方口服治疗,均连续治疗6个月。观察两组患者临床疗效,黄体生成素(LH)、卵泡刺激素(FSH)、睾酮(T)、空腹血糖(FPG)及胰岛素(INS)水平的变化情况,采用胰岛素抵抗指数(HOMA-IR)评估患者胰岛素抵抗水平,记录治疗过程中不良反应发生情况。结果:治疗后,治疗组患者月经后期、卵巢多囊变的发生率明显低于对照组,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。治疗后,治疗组患者血清LH、LH/FSH、T、INS及HOMA-IR水平与治疗前比较明显降低,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05);对照组患者治疗前后血清LH、LH/FSH、T、INS及HOMA-IR水平的差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05);治疗后,治疗组患者血清LH、LH/FSH、T及INS水平明显低于对照组,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。治疗期间,对照组患者的不良反应发生率为10.0%(3/30),而治疗组患者未见严重不良反应。结论:补肾调经方治疗肾阴虚型多囊卵巢综合征的临床疗效较好,其机制可能是通过降低患者的LH、T及INS水平,优化卵泡的生长发育环境,从而改善患者的月经周期、不孕情况。     

痹证1号联合醋氯芬酸钠治疗湿热阻络型急性痛风性关节炎临床研究

目的:评价痹证1号联合醋氯芬酸钠治疗湿热阻络型急性痛风性关节炎的临床疗效。方法:将符合入选标准的160例湿热阻络型急性痛风性关节炎患者采用SAS软件产生的随机数字分为观察组及对照组,每组80例,两组均给予调整生活方式、饮食结构,观察组给予醋氯芬酸钠+痹证1号,对照组给醋氯芬酸钠治疗,均治疗2周。观察两组治疗前后关节肿胀程度、关节压痛评分及血清白细胞介素-1β(IL-1β)、肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)、尿酸(UA)、红细胞沉降率(ESR)变化;采用中医临床标准、尿酸标准评价临床疗效。结果:观察组关节肿胀程度评分治疗后明显低于对照组(P<0.05);观察组关节压痛评分治疗后低于对照组,但无统计学意义(P>0.05);观察组治疗后血清IL-1β、TNF-α、UA、ESR均低于对照组(P<0.05);中医临床疗效总有效率观察组93.2%,对照组87.5%,两组疗效比较差异有统计学意义(P=0.044);UA疗效观察组总有效率92.5%,对照组79.7%,总有效率比较差异有统计学意义(P=0.026)。结论:痹证1号联合醋氯芬酸钠能够有效缓解急性痛风性关节炎关节肿胀、关节压痛的临床症状,未发生不良反应,其机制可能与降低血清IL-1β、TNF-α、UA、ESR水平及减少炎性刺激有关。     

补肾解毒方对放射致小鼠胸腺损伤的防护作用研究

背景　胸腺是最重要的中枢免疫器官,在接受射线后易受损造成免疫损伤,目前国内外研制的胸腺防护剂仍存在缺陷,中药因其高效低毒的特性,越来越受到重视。目的　研究补肾解毒方对放射致小鼠胸腺损伤的防护作用。方法　2019年1月,将90只C57BL/10J小鼠采用随机数字表法分为5组：空白对照组、单纯放射组、放射+氨磷汀组、放射+补肾解毒方防治结合组和放射+补肾解毒方预防组,每组18只。适应性饲养3 d后,放射+补肾解毒方防治结合组、放射+补肾解毒方预防组每日予以补肾解毒方汤剂灌胃（0.25 ml/只）,同时单纯放射组和放射+氨磷汀组予以等剂量0.9%氯化钠溶液连续灌胃10 d,第11天除空白对照组外,其余4组小鼠均接受与照射源同等距离的一次性4 Gy 60Coγ-射线全身照射,其中放射+氨磷汀组小鼠在照射前30 min于左侧腹腔内注射氨磷汀200 mg/kg。照射后,放射+补肾解毒方防治结合组继续予以补肾解毒方灌胃,余4组给予等剂量0.9%氯化钠溶液灌胃。观察小鼠一般情况,在照射后第1、7、14天进行取材,计算胸腺指数,在光镜下观察照射后第7天各组胸腺组织结构。结果　五组小鼠在照射后一般情况均较照射前差,具体表现为活跃度下降、精神状态不佳、皮毛光泽度下降,尤其单纯放射组程度更甚,其中5只小鼠出现毛发块状脱落症状。照射后第1、7、14天,空白对照组胸腺指数均高于其余4组（P<0.01）;照射后第7天,放射+氨磷汀组、放射+补肾解毒方防治结合组胸腺指数高于单纯放射组,放射+补肾解毒方预防组低于放射+补肾解毒方防治结合组（P<0.01）;照射后第14天,放射+补肾解毒方防治结合组胸腺指数高于单纯放射组、放射+氨磷汀组和放射+补肾解毒方预防组（P<0.05）。空白对照组胸腺结构完整,皮质内可见髓质,中央可见圆形或椭圆形胸腺小体;单纯放射组小梁结构破坏,界限不清,胸腺小体模糊;其余3组病理表现基本一致,部分小梁小叶结构破坏,胸腺小体隐约可见,皮质髓质界限不清,其中放射+补肾解毒方预防组还表现出更多炎性细胞浸润。结论　补肾解毒方能减轻放射所致小鼠胸腺组织损伤,发挥了良好的放射防护作用。     

补肾益智方治疗阿尔茨海默病斑马鱼模型的作用及机制研究

目的 通过阿尔茨海默病斑马鱼模型,探讨补肾益智方的作用机制。方法 选取6月龄斑马鱼,随机分成5组,分为空白对照组（n=12）、模型组（n=10）、阳性药组（n=10）、补肾益智方高剂量组（n=11）和低剂量组（n=12）。除空白对照组,其余各组均用AlCl₃·6H₂O配制成浓度为100 μg/L的溶液持续浸泡斑马鱼30 d,每天更换一半的染毒培养液。染毒结束后利用T迷宫实验剔除染毒失败的斑马鱼。造模结束后,分别给予阳性药组多奈哌齐20 μg/mL,高、低剂量组补肾益智方30、10 μg/mL浸泡14 d。给药结束后,通过T迷宫实验检测斑马鱼学习记忆能力;免疫组化染色观察神经元变化;qPCR检测相关基因的表达;Western blot检测相关蛋白的表达。结果 ①在T迷宫测试第4天,模型组潜伏时间为（198.00±45.78）s,补肾益智方低剂量组为（12.75±2.29）s,补肾益智方高剂量组为（7.27±0.90）s,补肾益智方治疗组斑马鱼的潜伏时间明显低于模型组,差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）;②补肾益智方治疗组斑马鱼的端脑神经元数量较模型组明显增多、排列变整齐,星型胶质细胞增多;③补肾益智方组斑马鱼脑ACHE活力显著降低（P<0.01）、ChAT活力显著增加（P<0.05）;④补肾益智方治疗组斑马鱼脑组织中appb、bace1表达显著降低（P<0.01）,sod、cat、nrf2基因表达显著增加（P<0.01）,keap1基因表达显著降低（P<0.01）;⑤补肾益智方治疗组斑马鱼脑组织蛋白表达情况与qPCR结果一致,APP、BACE1表达显著降低（P<0.01）,Nrf2表达显著增加（P<0.01）,Keap1表达显著降低（P<0.01）。结论 补肾益智方能有效改善AD斑马鱼的学习记忆能力,减少Aβ生成,减轻氧化应激。      

基于网络药理学和分子对接技术研究八珍益智方治疗阿尔茨海默病的潜在作用机制

目的 利用网络药理学方法及分子对接技术,研究八珍益智方治疗阿尔茨海默病（Alzheimer's disease,AD）的潜在药效物质基础和作用机制,为其临床应用提供理论依据。方法 通过TCMSP、BATMAN-TCM、TCMID、中国知网（CNKI）和Pubmed数据库检索八珍益智方8味组方药材化学成分和作用靶点;通过GeneCards、OMIM数据库查询AD的相关靶点;利用R语言3.6.3得到药物和疾病的交集靶点;借助String数据库和Cytoscape 3.7.2软件构建PPI网络,筛选核心靶点;通过DAVID数据库进行GO功能富集分析和KEGG通路富集分析;利用AutoDock tools 1.5.6、AutoDock vina 1.1.2进行分子对接。结果 八珍益智方共收集到200个化学成分和226个靶点,Cytoscape 3.7.2软件筛选出包括AKT1、MAPK3、IL-6、VEGFA、CASP3等37个核心靶点,槲皮素、山柰酚、柚皮苷、豆甾醇、7-甲氧基-2-甲基异黄酮等15个核心化合物。GO富集分析得到1 331个条目（P<0.05）,KEGG通路富集得到相关通路65条（P<0.05）。分子对接结果显示15个核心化合物和AKT1、MAPK3、IL-6、VEGFA、CASP3具有较好的亲和力。结论 八珍益智方治疗AD的通路主要涉及癌症的途径、MAPK信号通路、前列腺癌、神经活性配体-受体相互作用、钙信号通路等,研究结果为八珍益智方治疗AD作用机制的进一步阐明提供了指引。      

Clinical Experience in Treatment of Alzheimer's Disease with Jiannao Yizhi Formula (健脑益智方) and Routine Western Medicine

Objective: To investigate the long-term therapeutic effects of the Chinese medicine Jiannao Yizhi Formula(健脑益智方, JYF) in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease(AD). Methods: Sixty mild-to-moderate AD participants were recruited and randomly allocated to the treatment(30 with JYF) and the control groups(30 with donepezil) for 6 months with the random numbers. The primary outcomes were scores of Alzheimer's Disease Rating Scale-Cognitive(ADAS-Cog) and Chinese Medicine Symptom Scale(CM-SS). The secondary outcomes were scores of Mini Mental State Examination(MMSE), Montreal Cognitive Assessment(MoCA), and Activities of Daily Living(ADL). Safety assessments were conducted at baseline and the 6 th month of treatment. Serum levels of acetylcholine(Ach), amyloid-β protein 42(Aβ_(42)), and the microtubule-associated protein tau(Tau) were also determined by enzyme-liked immunosorbent assay. Results: Fifty-one participants were included in the final analyses(JYF n=27; donepezil n=24). Compared with baseline, both JYF and donepezil increased the MoCA and MMSE scores and decreased the ADAS-Cog and CM-SS scores(P0.05 or P0.01). Both drugs increased the serum levels of Ach and decreased the serum levels of Aβ_(42) and Tau(all P0.05). There was no significant difference in these variables between the two groups, which showed that JYF was not inferior to donepezil. No obviously significant changes were observed in the ADL. No severe adverse events were observed in both groups. Conclusion: The effect and safety of JYF for the treatment of AD were not inferior to those of donepezil.     

健脾活络方治疗脾虚络瘀型的糖尿病远端对称性多发性神经病变的临床研究

目的探讨健脾活络方治疗脾虚络瘀型的糖尿病远端对称性多发性神经病变(DSPN)的临床疗效。方法将80例脾虚络瘀型的DSPN患者随机分为治疗组和对照组,各40例。两组均给予基础治疗配合甲钴胺片治疗(500μg,3次/d,口服),治疗组在对照组治疗基础上加用健脾活络方煎服治疗。治疗8周后,观察比较两组治疗前后多伦多临床评分(TCSS)、震动感觉阈值(VPT)检查结果、生活质量评分及疗效。结果治疗后,两组TCSS评分、VPT检查结果、生活质量评分均明显改善,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),两组之间比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。临床疗效方面,治疗组总有效率85.00%、对照组60.00%,两组之间比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论健脾活络方明显改善脾虚络瘀型DSPN患者神经功能和生活质量,提高疗效。     

左金方对幽门螺旋杆菌感染的人GES-1细胞增殖与凋亡的作用研究

目的研究左金方对幽门螺旋杆菌引起人正常胃黏膜上皮(GES-1)细胞增殖与凋亡的影响。方法幽门螺旋杆菌以不同的感染复数(1∶1、50∶1、100∶l、200∶1、300∶1)感染GES-1细胞,于12、24、48 h后,CCK-8检测细胞的增殖活性;以不同质量浓度(0.5、1.0、2.0、4.0μg/m L)左金方作用幽门螺旋杆菌感染的GES-1细胞12、24、48 h后,收集细胞,CCK-8检测细胞的增殖活性,流式细胞仪和Western blotting检测细胞的凋亡率;Hochest染色检测凋亡细胞的形态学改变。结果幽门螺旋杆菌感染GES-1细胞后,感染复数越大,侵染时间越长,抑制细胞生长和促进细胞凋亡的作用越强,幽门螺旋杆菌以100∶1的感染复数作用人GES-1细胞12、24、48 h后,细胞存活率分别降低到(80.57±1.21)%、(70.04±3.21)%、(67.74±2.91)%,细胞的凋亡率分别增加到(23.74±1.71)%、(53.60±1.87)%、(70.67±2.87)%;与1.0μg/m L左金方共培养24 h后,细胞存活率上升到(97.67±1.04)%,细胞凋亡率降低到(31.04±1.02)%,与相应模型组对比,差异显著(P0.01);Westernblotting结果表明,左金方各处理组细胞Caspase-3蛋白水平表达均明显降低;Hochest荧光染色,从形态学的角度进一步验证了这一结果。结论幽门螺旋杆菌感染人GES-1细胞后,可以抑制细胞增殖,诱导细胞凋亡,左金方可以降低幽门螺旋杆菌引起的细胞损伤,保护GES-1细胞。