金荞麦片联合头孢哌酮治疗慢性支气管炎急性发作疗效观察

目的观察金荞麦片联合头孢哌酮治疗慢性支气管炎急性发作的疗效。方法将85例慢性支气管炎急性发作患者随机分为治疗组43例和对照组42例。对照组采用常规治疗(祛痰、镇咳、平喘、吸氧等)和头孢哌酮抗感染,治疗组在对照组基础上加用金荞麦片。结果与治疗前比较,治疗后各临床症状明显改善,有显著性差异(P0.05),治疗组总有效率95.35%,对照组总有效率76.19%,两组疗效比较有显著性差异(P0.05)。结论金荞麦片联合头孢哌酮治疗慢性支气管炎急性发作有良好疗效。     

Pulmonary strongyloidiasis presenting as chronic bronchitis leading to interlobular septal fibrosis and cured by treatment

Two patients presented with long-standing chronic bronchitis and exertional dyspnoea of 5 and 3 months' duration, respectively, and had interlobular septal fibrosis on chest high resolution CT. In the past both had lived in areas in which Strongyloides stercoralis was known to be endemic. Serological tests confirmed the diagnosis of pulmonary strongyloidiasis, and both patients were treated with anti-helminthic medications, including albendazole and ivermectin. Following this there was complete resolution of both symptomatic and radiological manifestations of their disease. An awareness of the possibility of Strongyloides infection presenting with respiratory symptoms in patients exposed to this parasite is important in the management of such patients.     

Narrative Review: how long should patients with cough variant asthma or non-asthmatic eosinophilic bronchitis be treated?

The causes of chronic cough can be categorized into eosinophilic and noneosinophilic disorders, and approximately 30% to 50% of people with chronic cough have eosinophilic airway inflammation, the presence of which can be confirmed by sputum eosinophilia or elevated exhaled nitric-oxide levels. Cough variant asthma (CVA) is a phenotype of asthma which lacks wheezing or dyspnea, and consistently one of the most common causes of chronic cough worldwide. CVA and non-asthmatic eosinophilic bronchitis (NAEB) shares common feature such as chronic dry cough, eosinophilic inflammation, and development of chronic airflow obstruction (CAO) and asthma in a subset of patients. The distinctive characteristic of these conditions is the presence of airway hyperresponsiveness in CVA but not in NAEB. Coughing is responsive to bronchodilators such as beta-agonists in CVA, but such feature has not been clarified in NAEB. Inhaled corticosteroids (ICSs) are the first-line treatment, and leukotriene receptor antagonists are also effective, in patients with both CVA and NAEB. This review will give an outline of clinical and physiological features, and prognosis and its determinants of CVA and EBNA. Further, the rationale and evidence, despite limited, for the need of long-term treatment will be discussed. The development of airway remodeling due to mechanical stress to the airways exerted by long-standing coughing will also be discussed.     

The effects of indoor and outdoor air pollution on the prevalence of adults’ respiratory diseases in four Chinese cities: a comparison between 2017–2018 and 1993–1996

BackgroundOver the past decades, both ambient and household air pollution have changed in several aspects, including the emission sources and the concentrations of pollutants, in many Chinese cities. It is unknown whether these changes are associated with changes in health conditions, especially given changes in other factors due to rapid economic growth.MethodsTwo cross-sectional surveys were conducted in two periods spanning more than twenty years (1993–1996 vs. 2017–2018) in four Chinese cities of Chongqing, Wuhan, Lanzhou, and Guangzhou. Data were collected regarding adults’ respiratory disease, smoking status, education, occupation, and household characteristics. Ambient air pollution data were obtained for each study. We first used logistic regression models to construct the district-specific adjusted disease prevalences. In the second stage, first-difference regression models were employed to examine whether the change in respiratory diseases prevalences was associated with the change in outdoor air pollution and indoor air pollution surrogates.ResultsA total of 7,557 and 9,974 households were participating in Period 1 (1993–1996) and Period 2 (2017–2018), respectively. Compared to Period 1, we found substantial reductions in the ambient air pollution concentrations, and a suggestive improvement in cooking-related indoor air pollution in Period 2. We observed decreases in the district-specific covariate-adjusted prevalences of both asthma and chronic bronchitis among participants, with an average reduction of 3.6% (range: 0.0% to 24.3%). From Period 1 to Period 2, one percent decrease in the proportion of cooking with coal was associated with a 19.0% (95% CI, 0.96–37.04%) decrease in the prevalence of males’ chronic bronchitis and a 1.86% (0.69–3.04%) increase in the prevalence of females’ asthma. Little evidence was observed regarding the potential health benefits associated with the decreases in ambient air pollution levels.ConclusionsThe substantial reduction in household use of coal for cooking might be an important contributor to the decrease in adults’ respiratory disease prevalence from 1993–1996 to 2017–2019 in four Chinese cities. Changes in this indoor air pollution source, along with other risk factors for respiratory diseases, may have masked respiratory health benefits associated with reductions in outdoor air pollution levels.     

Is mis-swallowing or smoking a cause of respiratory symptoms in patients with gastroesophageal reflux disease?

Respiratory symptoms were studied in 119 patients operated on for fundoplication and crural repair because of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). The effect of antireflux surgery and of smoking habits on their respiratory symptoms was evaluated. A questionnaire was completed before and after surgery in connection with esophageal investigations. Chronic bronchitis was present in 20% of the patients, 38% of whom were smokers. In the rest of the patients, 18% were smokers. Cough was reported by 34% and expectoration by 21%. After surgery the number of patients with cough and chronic bronchitis was reduced significantly in nonsmokers and to some extent in smokers. It is believed that fundoplication with distal anchoring of the longitudinal esophageal muscle will improve pharyngoesophageal function and thereby decrease aspiration and respiratory symptoms due to mis-swallowing.     

慢性支气管炎患者肺泡巨噬细胞及诱导痰中内皮素的研究

目的研究慢性支气管炎(慢支炎)患者诱导痰中、肺泡巨噬细胞(AM)培养上清液中及在氨茶碱和脂多糖(LPS)干预下培养上清液中内皮素(ET)的浓度变化,探讨AM源性ET在慢支炎及慢性阻塞性肺疾病(COPD)病理进展过程中的作用.方法选择慢支炎患者14例,COPD患者13例,同时选择14名健康人作为正常对照.支气管肺泡灌洗技术收集支气管肺泡灌洗液(BALF),对其细胞成分进行计数和分类;对其中26例用高渗盐水诱痰法取痰标本,放射免疫法测定诱导痰中和AM培养上清液中的ET浓度.结果(1)慢支炎组、COPD组BALF中细胞总数、中性粒细胞数、肺泡巨噬细胞数均明显高于正常对照组(P均<0.01);(2)慢支炎组和COPD组AM培养上清液中ET浓度和诱导痰中ET浓度明显高于正常对照组(P均<0.01),但慢支炎组与COPD组之间差异无显著性(P均>0.05);(3)三组的诱导痰ET浓度与AM培养上清液ET浓度呈正相关(r=0.741,P<0.01),与AM数呈正相关(r=0.597,P<0.01);(4)COPD组AM培养上清液ET浓度、诱导痰ET浓度均与一秒钟用力呼气容积占预计值%(FEV1占预计值%)呈负相关(r=-0.828,P<0.01;r=-0.748,P<0.05);(5)氨茶碱对AM培养上清液中ET浓度无影响(P>0.05),而LPS使其浓度明显升高(P<0.01).结论(1)慢支炎、COPD患者气道腔内存在非特异性气道炎症,其特点表现为中性粒细胞和巨噬细胞数目增多;(2)AM为肺内ET的重要来源之一,LPS可刺激AM分泌ET,AM源性ET可能参与了COPD阻塞性通气功能障碍的病理进展过程.     

Chronic bronchitis in the general population: influence of age, gender and socio-economic conditions

Chronic bronchitis (CB) is an indicator of an increased risk of developing COPD, but its symptoms are often underestimated. Demographic and socio-economic conditions might influence its prevalence, reporting and impact. Data from a large epidemiological survey of the French general population were analyzed to determine the burden of CB, the magnitude of under-diagnosis and the influence of age, gender and socio-economic conditions. Altogether, 9050 participants aged 45 years or more provided complete data. The prevalence of symptoms and diagnosis of CB was 3.5% and 3.4%, respectively. CB was associated with impaired health status and activity and, in women, work loss. Among subjects with symptoms of CB, only 28.6% declared a known diagnosis of respiratory disease. Factors associated with symptoms of CB in multivariate analysis were male gender, active smoking, lower income and occupational category: the highest prevalence was observed in manual workers (5.6%) and self-employed subjects (5.2%). The under-diagnosis of CB was more marked in men and subjects of higher socio-economic categories. These results confirm that CB is markedly under-diagnosed in the general population. Socio-economic conditions influence both its prevalence (higher in low categories) and rate of diagnosis (lower in high categories), which should be considered when elaborating prevention and detection campaigns.     

Right ventricular function in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

Summary Simultaneous right heart catheterization and radionuclide ventriculography were performed in 27 patients with a wide range of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Central hemodynamics and radionuclide studies were done at rest and during exercise. In the resting state the right ventricular ejection fraction (RVEF) was in the normal range (43.3±6%). During exercise a significant (p<0.001) decrease of RVEF to 38.8±6.7% occurred. The pumonary artery mean pressures were 19.9±3.8 at rest. During exercise a significant (p<0.001) increase to 41±9.8 mm Hg occurred. There was a linear relationship between pulmonary pressures and RVEF during exercise in patients with pulmonary artery pressures not exceeding 35 mm Hg. In patients with right ventricular end-diastolic wall thickness 6 mm a curvilinear relationship between these parameters could be observed with a flattening of the curve at higher pressures (>35 mm Hg) and lower ejection fractions (<35% RVEF). Radionuclide venticulography cannot substitute for right heart catheterization. Echocardiography is useful for interpretation of right ventricular ejection fractions in advanced chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.Abbreviations CI Cardiac index (l/min/m²) - CO Cardiac output (l/min) - COPD Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease - FEV₁ Forced expiratory volume in the first second (ml) - HR Heart rate (B/min) - PAd Pulmonary artery diastolic pressure (mm Hg) - PAP Pulmonary artery mean pressure (mm Hg) - PAs Pulmonary artery peak pressure (mm Hg) - PVR Pulmonary vascular resistance (dyn·s·cm^–5) - PwP Pulmonary capillary wedge pressure (mm Hg) - RAP Right arterial pressure (mm Hg) - Raw Airway resistance (cm H₂/l/s) - RNV Radionuclide ventriculogram - RV Residual volume (l) - RVEF Right ventricular ejection fraction (%) - RVEDVI Right ventricular enddiastolic volume index (ml/m²) - RVEDVI SVI RVEF (ml/m²) - RVESVI Right ventricular endsystolic index (m²/m²) - SVI Stroke volume index (ml/m²) - TLC Total lung capacity (l) - VC Vital capacity (l)