金荞麦提取物的药效学研究

目的:研究金荞麦浸膏的抗炎、镇咳、祛痰药理作用以及急性毒性.方法:小鼠的抗炎、镇咳和祛痰实验分别采用小鼠耳肿胀法、氨水引咳法及气管酚红排泌试验法.在急性毒性试验中金荞麦浸膏混悬液灌胃给小白鼠,最大给药量为8.0g·kg-1,相当成人日用量的166倍(按体重计).结果:金养麦浸膏(剂量0.45～1.8g·kg-1)可显著抑制小鼠耳肿胀,与模型对照组比较,存在显著性差异(P<0.05),对氨水引起的小鼠咳嗽能使咳嗽次数减少.金养麦(剂量0.90～1.8g·kg-1)能增加小鼠气管酚红的排泌作用(P<0.05).结论:金荞麦浸膏具有抗炎、镇咳和祛痰作用.金养麦浸膏的最大给药剂量为8.0g·kg-1,相当成人日用量166倍(按体重计算).     

Antitussive effect of NS-398, a selective cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor, in guinea pigs

Several reports have demonstrated that the number of capsaicin-induced coughs is increased in the presence of prostaglandins in the airway. Moreover, it has been reported that the expression of cyclooxygenase-2, which converts arachidonic acid to prostaglandins, was found in cultured human airway epithelial cells in the absence of inflammatory cytokine stimulation. Thus, it is possible that cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor may produce an antitussive effect. To test this hypothesis, we investigated the effects of N-[2-(cyclohexyloxy)-4-nitrofenyl]-methane sulfonamide (NS-398), a selective cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor, and 5-(4-chlorophenyl)-1-(4-methoxyphenyl)-3-trifluoromethyl-pyrazole (SC-560), a selective cyclooxygenase-1 inhibitor, on capsaicin-induced coughs in guinea pigs. NS-398 (1-10 mg/kg, p.o.) dose-dependently and significantly reduced the number of capsaicin-induced coughs. In contrast, SC-560 (10 mg/kg, p.o.) did not reduce the number of capsaicin-induced coughs. The antitussive effect of NS-398 (10 mg/kg, p.o.) was not antagonized by pretreatment with methysergide (3 mg/kg, i.p.), a non-selective serotonin (5-HT) receptor antagonist, or glibenclamide (10 mg/kg, i.p.), an ATP-sensitive K(+) channel blocker. Furthermore, although NS-398 did not significantly affect the cough reflex induced by substance P (10(-16) M), it significantly reduced the capsaicin-induced release of substance P in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF). The present findings clearly show that cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor, but not cyclooxygenasez-1 inhibitor, has a potent antitussive effect. Furthermore, it is possible that the antitussive action of NS-398 does not depend on centrally acting mechanisms, since 5-HT receptors play an important role in the cough-depressant activities of centrally acting antitussive drugs. NS-398 may exert peripheral antitussive effects by inhibiting the release of substance P from capsaicin-sensitive afferent C-fibers in the airways. These results suggest that cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitors may have a therapeutic benefit in reducing coughs.     

Antitussive effect of dihydroetorphine in mice

The present study examined the opioid receptors involved in the antitussive effect of dihydroetorphine in mice. Dihydroetorphine suppressed coughs dose dependently at doses between 0.1–1 μg/kg i.p. Blockade of μ-opioid receptors by pretreatment with β-funaltrexamine significantly reduced the antitussive effect of dihydroetorphine. Furthermore, the antitussive effect of dihydroetorphine was also antagonized by nor-binaltorphimine, a κ-opioid receptor antagonist. However, pretreatment with naltrindole, a δ-opioid receptor antagonist, did not affect the antitussive effect of dihydroetorphine. These results indicate that the antitussive effect of dihydroetorphine is mediated by the activation of μ-opioid receptors and κ-opioid receptors, but not δ-opioid receptors.     

Cardiocrinum seeds as a replacement for Aristolochia fruits in treating cough

Aim of the study

The antitussive Chinese herb Madouling derived from Aristolochia species is banned due to aristolochic acid-induced nephropathy. A substitute is found dispensed as Madouling in Taiwan. This study aims to determine the source plant and verify the antitussive properties of the Madouling substitute used in Taiwan.

Materials and methods

Forensically informative nucleotide sequencing (FINS) approach based on the trnL-trnF and psbA-trnH regions was applied to facilitate identification of the genuine species and substitute. The antitussive effect of both genuine Madouling and the substitute were evaluated in guinea pigs.

Results

FINS approach based on the trnL-trnF and psbA-trnH regions readily identified the sample of Madouling in Taiwan to the seeds of Cardiocrinum giganteum var. yunnanense. Ethanol extracts of the substitute showed significant antitussive properties in guinea pigs.

Conclusion

Cardiocrinum seeds may have potential as a replacement of Aristolochia fruits.     

白毛夏枯草镇咳祛痰有效部位的初步筛选

目的初步筛选中药白毛夏枯草镇咳、祛痰作用的化学部位。方法分别用浓度为95％的乙醇和50％的乙醇回流提取白毛夏枯草,合并提取液,浓缩至浸膏,依次采用石油醚、乙酸乙酯和正丁醇萃取得到3个部位;采用浓氨水引咳法观察小鼠咳嗽次数、引咳潜伏期;气管酚红法观察小鼠气管段酚红排出比较白毛夏枯草3个部位的药理活性。结果乙酸乙酯提取物具有明显的镇咳作用,并使小鼠酚红排出量明显增加。结论白毛夏枯草中起镇咳、祛痰作用的有效部位集中在乙酸乙酯提取物部位。     

复方鞘蕊苏颗粒止咳、平喘和祛痰药效学研究

目的对新药复方鞘蕊苏颗粒进行平喘、祛痰、止咳主要药效学实验研究．方法应用豚鼠离体气管条、肺条方法,整体组胺喷雾引喘等方法,观察复方鞘蕊苏颗粒的平喘作用;小鼠气管段酚红法及大鼠气管毛细玻管法评价其化痰作用;采用豚鼠枸橼酸引咳观察其镇咳作用．结果复方鞘蕊苏颗粒能对抗组胺引起离体豚鼠气管条及肺条的收缩作用,显著延长整体组胺喷雾的引喘潜伏期;增加小鼠气管分泌物中酚红浓度,并呈剂量依赖关系;能减少豚鼠由枸橼酸引起的咳嗽次数．结论复方鞘蕊苏颗粒具有较强平喘作用,同时具有祛痰、止咳的功效．     

镇咳汤治疗小儿支原体肺炎35例疗效观察

目的观察自拟镇咳汤配合阿奇霉素治疗小儿支原体肺炎的临床疗效。方法将70例确诊支原体肺炎患儿随机分为观察组和对照组各35例。对照组予阿奇霉素治疗,观察组在对照组基础上予中药镇咳汤治疗,2个疗程后观察患儿疗效及临床症状、体征消失时间,随访6个月并复查血清肺炎支原体IgM抗体。结果观察组总有效率为100.0%,治愈率为65.7%,热退时间为（3.04±1.25）d,咳嗽消失时间为（7.68±2.35）d,肺部啰音消失时间为（8.16±2.47）d,复发率为8.5%;对照组总有效率为85.7%,治愈率为45.7%,热退时间为（4.60±2.05）d,咳嗽消失时间为（11.73±4.62）d,肺部啰音消失时间为（12.34±4.72）d,复发率为25.7%;两组比较差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）,观察组明显优于对照组。结论镇咳汤配合阿奇霉素治疗小儿支原体肺炎可较快改善病情,缩短病程,减少复发率。     

止咳平喘膜剂的药效学研究Ⅱ对小鼠慢性支气管炎的治疗作用及其作用机理

目的：研究止咳平喘膜剂对小鼠慢性支气管炎的治疗作用及其作用机理。方法：在相同条件下用香烟熏吸造成小鼠慢性支气管炎模型。结果：该模剂对慢性支气管炎小鼠血清NO、MDA、CD54、IL－2和肺泡灌洗液CD54、肺泡巨噬细胞、白细胞总数、中性粒细胞数及肺组织中的NO有显著降低作用,并能升高血清SOD含量;病理组织学检测结果表明,用药组小鼠支气管炎性病明显改善。结论：止咳平喘膜剂对小鼠慢性支气管炎有较好的治疗作用。     

五虎汤的止咳平喘作用

五虎汤水提物明显延长小鼠二氧化硫引咳的潜伏期,减少氨水引咳次数,促进小鼠气管、支气管对酚红的排泄,并显著延长组胺、乙酰胆碱混合液诱导豚鼠哮喘发作的潜伏期,体外试验中,五虎汤剂量依赖性解除组胺或乙酰胆碱所致豚鼠气管平滑肌痉挛,提示五虎汤具有止咳、平喘作用     

少年红矾杏平喘糖浆镇咳、祛痰和平喘作用的实验研究

目的:观察少年红矾杏平喘糖浆(简称平喘糖浆)的止咳、祛痰和平喘作用。方法:采用氨水引起小鼠咳嗽实验观察平喘糖浆止咳作用;通过小鼠酚红祛痰实验观察平喘糖浆排痰作用,通过磷酸组胺所致豚鼠哮喘及离体豚鼠气管平滑肌实验观察平喘糖浆平喘作用。结果:平喘糖浆能明显延长引起半数小鼠咳嗽的氨水喷雾时间(EDT50),增加小鼠气管酚红的排出,显著延长豚鼠由磷酸组胺引起哮喘的潜伏期,明显抑制离体气管平滑肌的收缩。结论:平喘糖浆有祛痰、止咳和平喘作用。