如何控制观察性疗效比较研究中的混杂因素：（一）已测量混杂因素的统计学分析方法

观察性疗效比较研究作为随机对照研究的补充,其应用价值越来越受到关注,混杂偏倚是其重要偏倚来源。本文介绍观察性疗效比较研究中已测量的混杂因素控制的统计分析方法。对于已测量的混杂因素,可采用传统的分层分析、配对分析、协方差分析或多因素分析,也可采用倾向性评分、疾病风险评分等方法进行混杂因素匹配、分层和调整。良好的设计需从源头控制各种混杂,事后统计分析则应在理解各类方法的应用前提下,严格把握适用条件。     

Poor adjustment to college life mediates the relationship between drinking motives and alcohol consequences: a look at college adjustment, drinking motives, and drinking outcomes

The current study examined whether the relationship between drinking motives and alcohol-related outcomes was mediated by college adjustment. Participants (N=253) completed an online survey that assessed drinking motives, degree of both positive and negative college adjustment, typical weekly drinking, and past month negative alcohol-related consequences. Structural equation modeling examined negative alcohol consequences as a function of college adjustment, drinking motives, and weekly drinking behavior in college students. Negative college adjustment mediated the relationship between coping drinking motives and drinking consequences. Positive college adjustment was not related to alcohol consumption or consequences. Positive reinforcement drinking motives (i.e. social and enhancement) not only directly predicted consequences, but were partially mediated by weekly drinking and degree of negative college adjustment. Gender specific models revealed that males exhibited more variability in drinking and their positive reinforcement drinking motives were more strongly associated with weekly drinking. Uniquely for females, coping motives were directly and indirectly (via negative adjustment) related to consequences. These findings suggest that interventions which seek to decrease alcohol-related risk may wish to incorporate discussions about strategies for decreasing stress and increasing other factors associated with better college adjustment.     

Beyond Liver and Culture: A Review of Theories and Research in Drinking among Chinese in North America

Low levels of alcohol consumption and drinking problems have been consistently found among the Chinese in North America and in other Chinese societies. Two theories of Chinese drinking have been popular in the literature. First, the physiological explanation attributes the light alcohol use among the Chinese to their high propensity to flush, which protects them from heavy drinking. Second, the cultural explanation suggests that Chinese cultural values emphasizing moderation and self-restraint discourage drinking to the point of drunkenness. A review of existing research shows that both explanations are not supported by adequate empirical research findings and are plagued with conceptual and methodological shortcomings. It is also noted that both theories cannot explain why some Chinese do become heavy or problem drinkers. It is suggested that we should look beyond physiological and cultural factors for a better understanding of contemporary Chinese drinking patterns.     

取消药品加成对医疗费用的影响分析

目的为了解取消药品加成对医疗费用的影响,特选取药品零加成后（2018年第一季度）及药品零加成前（2017年第一季度）医院住院病例中的8个病种,对之进行费用分析。方法采用文献分析法分析费用构成变化情况;使用SAS 8.0统计软件和Excel表格进行数据分析;利用复利系数计算法,减少时间因素对费用的影响。结果药品零加成后,8个病种的平均住院费用均有不同程度降低,其中药费因素贡献程度最大。费用结构中,药费比重大幅度下降,治疗费、检查费、化验费、手术病种手术费用均有一定程度上升,平均住院日有不同程度缩短;平均住院床日费用有不同程度下降。药品零加成在一定程度上缓解了“看病贵”问题。结论取消药品加成对降低患者药品费用起到了明显促进作用。医院应进一步加强医院管理和成本核算,提高运行效率。     

卫生事业费分配结构调整的政策思考

本文在对三省、三市和三县的卫生事业费调查研究和分析的基础上，对卫生事业费分配结构调整提出了以下改革思路：卫生事业费应考虑国民经济、人口和物价指数三个因素，保证其实际增长与国民经济同步增长对卫生院和合作医疗补助费所占的比重，结合农村地区卫生服务改革和医疗制度建立，应逐步上升，而医院经费结合医疗服务价格的调整等可逐年降低比重；控制卫生服务机构规模，提高卫生资源的利用效率；对贫困地区仍须坚持实行差额补助和专项拨款的政策     

Psychological stress and adjustment in pregnancy following assisted reproductive technology and spontaneous conception: A systematic review

ABSTRACT

The aim of this review was to examine studies describing the psychological stress and adjustment in pregnancy after an assisted reproductive technology (ART) treatment. A systematic search of the electronic databases was performed. This review considered only quantitative, primary studies in the English language, published during the period 2000–2014 and relevant to the objective. The population of interest was previously infertile pregnant women. Outcome variables were general anxiety, depressive symptoms, pregnancy-specific anxiety, quality of life, self-esteem, pregnancy attitudes and adjustment, and maternal-fetal attachment. Twenty studies met the inclusion and methodological criteria and were included in the review. The review revealed that compared to women who conceive naturally or to general norms, women who conceive after an in vitro fertilization treatment had greater pregnancy-specific anxiety, poorer quality of life, either the same or less depressive symptomatology, the same level of self-esteem, more positive attitudes toward pregnancy demands, and higher levels of maternal-fetal attachment. However, the evidence regarding the general anxiety levels in pregnancy after an ART treatment was inconclusive. Methodological limitations and differences across studies may explain the inconsistencies in their findings regarding the impact of ART. This review provides an insight into psychological reactions and adjustment in pregnancy after an ART treatment.     

Responsiveness and calibration of the general well-being adjustment scale in patients with hypertension

We examined the discriminant ability and responsiveness of the General Well-Being Adjustment Scale in patients enrolled in a randomized clinical trial of antihypertensive therapy. We also tried to translate the effects of physical symptoms on general well-being. This secondary analysis used demographic, clinical, physical symptom, and general well-being data for 545 white, male hypertensive patients. General well-being was measured by the General Well-Being Adjustment Scale (GWB) collected on 2 occasions over 8 weeks of treatment. Patients with any one of 14 physical symptoms or problems, compared to those without symptoms, had lower GWB scores (p < 0.003 to p < 0.0001). Decreases of 2.83–8.76 points in GWB scores were observed in patients developing physical symptoms over the 8 week study period (p < 0.05 to p < 0.0001). These effects were demonstrated in patients developing cold sensitivity, sexual problems, chest pain, shortness of breath, loss of taste, nausea, hot or cold spells, numbness and tingling, dry mouth, blurred vision, and dizziness. We conclude that the GWB is responsive to clinically meaningful changes in symptoms and may provide a more complete evaluation of the effects of medical treatment. The GWB is a valid and responsive measure of health status outcomes in the evaluation of antihypertensive treatment.     

大学生生活事件与适应性问题的研究

目的了解大学生生活事件与适应性问题。方法本研究采用生活事件量表（ASLEC）和大学生适应性量表（CCSAS）,考察了1394名大学生的生活事件与适应性问题。结果1目前,大学生面临的生活事件中,学习压力对大学生的影响最大;2武汉市大学生对大学生活适应较好,情绪以正性为主,满意度较高;3人口学统计变量在生活事件和适应性的个别维度上有显著性差异;4学习压力可以显著预测大学生生活适应性,另外,人际关系,健康对生活适应性有一定的预测作用。结论生活事件是引起大学生生活适应性问题的诱发因素,学习压力、人际关系和健康可以预测大学生生活适应性。     

Overall Functioning and Criteria of Progress in Rehabilitation of Alcohol Abusers: Longitudinal Analyses of Changes

The aim was to compare alcohol consumption and vocational adjustment as criteria of rehabilitation progress of alcoholics, with regard to links to concomitant changes in functioning in other life areas. Thirty-four advanced alcohol abusers in rehabilitation were examined twice with an interval of 2 years between each examination. Change scores in alcohol consumption and work capacity were correlated with change scores in social network, activities, life-satisfaction, psychological well-being, psychiatric symptoms, and biomedical functioning. Improved drinking habits were connected with some changes in overall functioning, however not solely in a favorable direction. Negative mood changes were especially noteworthy. Improvements in vocational adjustment, on the other hand, appeared to be somewhat more unequivocally and encompassingly associated with amelioration in the wider range of functioning. The results indicate that drinking measures alone are not sufficient indicators of progress in rehabilitation and underscores the need of more global criteria of general adjustment.