A pressão arterial está associada a indicadores de adiposidade corporal em crianças de quatro a sete anos

Introduction and Objective

Studies in adults have shown an association between increased adiposity and hypertension, but few studies have analyzed this association in childhood. The aim of this study was to investigate the association between blood pressure (BP) and body adiposity indicators in children, controlling for the variables of birth conditions, sociodemographics, lifestyle and diet.

脂肪重积聚提前与5岁儿童肥胖和代谢各指标关联的队列研究

目的探讨脂肪重积聚(adiposity rebound,AR)提前与5岁儿童肥胖和代谢各指标的关联。方法研究基于已经建立的"马鞍山市优生优育(MABC)",在2013年10月至2015年4月出生的单胎活产儿,连续追踪随访至5岁时的儿童,截至2019年8月份共获得有连续性儿童测量数据≥8次及代谢指标的有720例。采用体格检查以及实验室检测的方法,获得儿童出生情况、身长/身高、体重、腰围、人体成分、代谢指标等信息。使用χ2检验、F检验、t检验、非参数检验、一般线性模型和Logistic回归模型进行分析。结果已有43.47%学龄前儿童界定为AR提前(AR≤4岁)。控制性别后,AR提前组5岁儿童超重/肥胖(OR=2.71,95%CI:1.81~4.05)、腰围超标(OR=1.88,95%CI:1.25~2.82)、体脂肪百分比≥P90(OR=2.09,95%CI:1.26~3.48)的发生风险均上升,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05);AR提前组5岁儿童胰岛素抵抗和代谢风险因子得分虽高于未提前组,但是差异无统计学意义。5岁儿童肥胖和超重的发生率分别为6.0%和12.8%,且超重肥胖儿童、腰围超标、腰高比超标和体脂百分比≥P90者,胰岛素抵抗和代谢风险因子得分均较高,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.001)。结论 AR提前能增加5岁超重/肥胖、腰围超标和体脂肪百分比超标的风险,且5岁儿童肥胖各指标超标与胰岛素抵抗和代谢风险因子密切相关。     

Liver enzymes as mediators of association between obesity and diabetes: the Guangzhou Biobank Cohort Study

PurposeTo assess the proportion of the association between obesity and diabetes mediated by liver enzymes such as gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT), alanine transaminase (ALT), and aspartate transaminase (AST).MethodsMediation analysis was used with adjustment for age, education, physical activity, smoking, and alcohol use.ResultsA total of 9748 participants from Phase III of the Guangzhou Biobank Cohort Study were recruited in 2006–2008. For women, the association of body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference (WC) with glucose was partially mediated by GGT, 30% (95% confidence interval 23%–40%) and 28% (23%–34%) and by ALT, 15% (14%–25%) and 14% (10%–18%), respectively; for men, the proportion mediated by GGT was 16% (9%–26%) and 23% (12%–36%), respectively, and by ALT 12% (4%–22%) for BMI and for WC. The association of BMI and WC with glucose was not mediated by AST for women or men. Additionally, considering of mediation by lipids did not change the mediation by GGT and ALT.ConclusionsThe effect of obesity on diabetes is partly mediated by GGT and ALT but not AST. There is no evidence of the mediation effect by lipids. Our results may provide opportunities to identify new targets for diabetes interventions.     

Systematic review indicates postnatal growth in term infants born small‐for‐gestational‐age being associated with later neurocognitive and metabolic outcomes

We systematically reviewed papers published in English between 1994 and October 2015 on how postnatal weight gain and growth affect neurodevelopment and metabolic outcomes in term‐born small‐for‐gestational‐age (SGA) infants. Two randomised trials reported that enriched infant formulas that promoted early growth also increased fat mass, lean mass and blood pressure (BP), but had no effect on early neurocognitive outcomes. Meanwhile, 31 observational studies reported consistent positive associations between postnatal weight gain and growth with neurocognitive outcomes, adiposity, insulin resistance and BP. Conclusion: Few intervention studies exist, despite consistent positive associations between early growth and neurocognition in term‐born SGA infants.     

贵阳市减重门诊患者腰围、腰身比与高甘油三酯血症的相关性研究

目的 评价体质指数（body mass index,BMI）、腰围、腰身比和体脂肪率与高甘油三酯血症的关系及其筛检价值。方法 收集2015年2月~12月贵州医科大学附属医院体重管理门诊患者119例。检测身高、体重、腰围、体成分及血脂水平。采用受试者工作特征曲线（receiver operating characteristic curve,ROC）法分析BMI、腰围、腰身比、体脂肪率对甘油三酯超标的筛检率,用曲线下面积（area under curve,AUC）表示。采用多重线性回归分析探讨BMI、腰围、腰身比和体脂率在不同人群中与甘油三酯超标的关系。结果 在女性患者中,腰围和腰身比的AUC高于BMI和体脂肪率（均有P<0.05）;男性患者中,腰身比的AUC最大。在女性和男性中,腰身比和腰围高的患者发生甘油三酯超标的风险均高于腰身比和腰围低的患者（均有P<0.05）。结论 腰围和腰身比对高甘油三酯血症的筛检价值优于体脂肪率和BMI。     

Classification of different degrees of adiposity in sedentary rats

In experimental studies, several parameters, such as body weight, body mass index, adiposity index, and dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, have commonly been used to demonstrate increased adiposity and investigate the mechanisms underlying obesity and sedentary lifestyles. However, these investigations have not classified the degree of adiposity nor defined adiposity categories for rats, such as normal, overweight, and obese. The aim of the study was to characterize the degree of adiposity in rats fed a high-fat diet using cluster analysis and to create adiposity intervals in an experimental model of obesity. Thirty-day-old male Wistar rats were fed a normal (n=41) or a high-fat (n=43) diet for 15 weeks. Obesity was defined based on the adiposity index; and the degree of adiposity was evaluated using cluster analysis. Cluster analysis allowed the rats to be classified into two groups (overweight and obese). The obese group displayed significantly higher total body fat and a higher adiposity index compared with those of the overweight group. No differences in systolic blood pressure or nonesterified fatty acid, glucose, total cholesterol, or triglyceride levels were observed between the obese and overweight groups. The adiposity index of the obese group was positively correlated with final body weight, total body fat, and leptin levels. Despite the classification of sedentary rats into overweight and obese groups, it was not possible to identify differences in the comorbidities between the two groups.     

The Korean traditional medicine Gyeongshingangjeehwan inhibits adipocyte hypertrophy and visceral adipose tissue accumulation by activating PPARα actions in rat white adipose tissues

Aim of the study

Gyeongshingangjeehwan (GGEx), which is a polyherbal drug composed of four medicinal plants, has traditionally been used as anti-obesity drug in Korean local clinics. Thus, we investigated the effects of GGEx on visceral adiposity and examined whether adipose peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α (PPARα) activation is involved in this process.

Materials and methods

After Obese Otsuka Long-Evans Tokushima Fatty (OLETF) rats and differentiated 3T3-L1 adipocytes were treated with GGEx, we studied the effects of GGEx on not only visceral white adipose tissue (WAT) mass and adipocyte size, but also the expression of adipocyte marker and PPARα target genes.

Results

Administration of GGEx to obese rats for 8 weeks decreased visceral WAT weight by 30% and the size of adipocytes in mesenteric WAT by 31% without weight changes of other organs. Concomitantly, GGEx increased mRNA levels of PPARα target genes responsible for fatty acid β-oxidation in mesenteric WAT whereas decreased mRNA expression of adipocyte markers, such as PPARγ, aP2 and leptin. Serological studies demonstrated that plasma levels of free fatty acids and triglycerides as well as insulin and glucose were decreased following GGEx treatment. Consistent with the in vivo data, GGEx increased PPARα reporter gene activity and induced the mRNA expression of PPARα target genes involved in mitochondrial fatty acid β-oxidation in 3T3-L1 cells. GGEx also inhibited triglyceride accumulation in these cells.

Conclusion

These results suggest that GGEx promotes the reductions in visceral fat mass and adipocyte size in obese animals, and that this event may be mediated by adipose PPARα activation.     

Anthropometric indicators of visceral adiposity as predictors of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: A review

The objective was to critically analyze studies that evaluated the predictive capacity of indicators of visceral adiposity in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease(NAFLD). The bibliographic research was carried out using the electronic database PubMed, LILACS and SciELO, references of selected articles. Although we found few studies, they have already used several indicators of visceral adiposity as waist circumference, waist-to-hip ratio, waist-to-height ratio, Lipid accumulation product, Body Shape Index, Body Roundness Index and most them were good predictors of NAFLD. Thus, the anthropometric indicators may contribute for the diagnosis of NAFLD in a simple, low-cost and noninvasive way, allowing early therapeutic measures to prevent the evolution to non-alcoholic steatohepatitis.     

Understanding associations of early-life adversities with mid-life inflammatory profiles: Evidence from the UK and USA

ObjectivesIn two cohorts, we aimed to establish associations between early-life adversities and adult inflammation, and whether adult (a) adiposity or (b) socioeconomic disadvantage are key intermediaries.MethodsIn both cohorts (N = 7661, 1958 British birth cohort; N = 1255, MIDUS), information was used on adult inflammatory markers (C-reactive protein (CRP), fibrinogen and (MIDUS only) interleukin-6 (IL-6)), adiposity and socioeconomic disadvantage, and early-life adversities (neglect, emotional neglect, physical, psychological, sexual abuse and childhood disadvantage).ResultsEarly-life adversities varied from 1.6% (sexual abuse, 1958 cohort) to 14.3% (socioeconomic disadvantage, MIDUS). Across the two cohorts, associations were consistent for physical abuse, e.g. 16.3%(3.01,29.7) and 17.0%(−16.4,50.3) higher CRP in the 1958 cohort and MIDUS respectively. Associations attenuated after accounting for adult adiposity, e.g. physical abuse (1958 cohort) and sexual abuse (MIDUS, non-white participants) associations were abolished. Some associations attenuated after adjustment for adult socioeconomic disadvantage; e.g. 1958 cohort neglect–CRP associations reduced from 23.2%(13.7,32.6) to 17.7%(8.18,27.2). Across the cohorts, no associations were found for psychological abuse or emotional neglect; associations for childhood socioeconomic disadvantage were inconsistent.ConclusionsSpecific early-life adversities are associated with adult inflammation; adiposity is a likely intermediary factor. Weight reduction and obesity prevention may offset pro-inflammatory related adult disease among those who experienced early-life adversities.