Argon laser suture lysis following glaucoma filtering surgery – A short introduction to the procedure

BackgroundTrabeculectomy is the most commonly performed glaucoma filtering surgery. The success of the outcome of an operation to reduce the intraocular pressure (IOP) is dependent on postoperative wound modulation by antimetabolite therapy and by flow regulation of the filtering bleb, which can be achieved by argon laser suture lysis.Methods and case reportPostoperative IOP controls, examination of bleb formation and bleb massage can lead to the decision to perform up to four argon laser suture lyses in order to reduce IOP and enhance aqueous humor flow and bleb formation. The procedure is described here in a case report.ConclusionAfter glaucoma filtering surgery, argon laser suture lysis is an effective tool for postoperative regulation of aqueous humor flow and formation of the filtration bleb to guarantee the success of surgery.     

Immune surveillance of human cancer: if the cytotoxic T-lymphocytes play the music, does the tumoral system call the tune?

Abstract
Accumulating evidence indicates that the innate and adaptive immune systems participate in the recognition and destruction of cancer cells by a process known as cancer immunosurveillance. Tumor antigen-specific cytotoxic T-lymphocytes (CTL) are the major effectors in the immune response against tumor cells. The identification of tumor-associated antigen (TAA) recognized primarily by CD 8⁺ T-lymphocytes has led to the development of several vaccination strategies that induce or potentiate specific immune responses. However, large established tumors, which are associated with the acquisition of tumor resistance to specific lysis, are usually not fully controlled by the immune system. Recently, it has become clear that the immune system not only protects the host against tumor development but also sculpts the immunogenic phenotype of a developing tumor and can favor the emergence of resistant tumor cell variants. Moreover, it has become obvious that the evasion of immunosurveillance by tumor cells is under the control of the tumor microenvironment complexity and plasticity. In this review, we will focus on some new mechanisms associated with the acquisition of tumor resistance to specific lysis during tumor progression, involving genetic instability, structural changes in cytoskeleton, and hypoxic stress. We will also discuss the interaction between CTLs and tumor endothelial cells, a major component of tumor stroma.     

Towards defining parameters for a successful single embryo transfer in frozen cycles

BACKGROUND: Twin pregnancies in IVF should be avoided by transferring embryos one at a time, even for frozen cycles. In this study, we investigated the effect of blastomere lysis and cleavage in singleton frozen embryo transfer (sFET) cycles. Outcomes were compared with the transfer of two embryos in frozen transfer cycles (dFET). METHODS: A retrospective analysis was performed on 891 FET cycles, involving 404 sFET and 487 dFET cycles. RESULTS: Overall, in sFET cycles, the pregnancy and implantation rates were 8.9 and 8.7%. When blastomere lysis was more than 25% but no greater than 50%, the pregnancy and implantation rates were 3.2%. If blastomere lysis was greater than 50% there were no pregnancies. If blastomere lysis was less than 25%, but with no cleavage, the pregnancy and implantation rates were 4.1%. The results significantly improved (P = 0.007) in the group with less than 25% lysis, when cleavage occurred. The pregnancy and implantation rates for this group were 17.3 and 16.6%. This was not significantly different from unselected two embryo transfers (22 and 12.7%,P = 0.2 and 0.19, respectively). There were 21 twins with dFET (19.6% of pregnancies) and none in sFET. CONCLUSION: Both blastomere lysis and cleavage affect the outcome in sFET. To avoid the risk of twins, sFET should be considered when the embryo shows less than 25% blastomere lysis and at least one blastomere cleaves.     

Absence of antibody-dependent, complement-mediated lysis of feline infectious peritonitis virus-infected cells

Cats infected with virulent feline coronavirus which causes feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) usually succumb to disease despite high antibody concentrations. One of the mechanisms that can help resolving infection is antibody-dependent, complement-mediated lysis (ADCML) of infected cells. ADCML consists of virus-specific antibodies that bind to cell surface expressed viral proteins which result in complement activation and cell lysis. The objective of this study was to determine the sensitivity of FIP-virus (FIPV) infected cells towards ADCML and to examine the role of the accessory proteins 3abc and 7ab in this process. ADCML assays, using FIPV strain 79-1146 and its deletion mutant strain Δ3abc/Δ7ab, were performed on: (i) CrFK cells that show surface-expressed viral antigens, (ii) monocytes without surface-expressed viral proteins due to retention and (iii) monocytes with surface-expressed viral proteins since the antibody-mediated internalization of these proteins was blocked. As expected, no ADCML was detected of the monocytes without surface-expressed viral antigens. Surprisingly, no lysis was observed in the CrFK cells and the monocytes that do show surface-expressed viral proteins, while controls showed that the ADCML assay was functional. These experiments proof that FIPV can employ another immune evasion strategy against ADCML (besides preventing surface expression): the inhibition of complement-mediated lysis. This new evasion strategy is not attributed to the group-specific proteins since lysis of cells infected with FIPV Δ3abc/Δ7ab was not detected.     

Molecular mechanisms and functions of pyroptosis,inflammatory caspases and inflammasomes in infectious diseases

Cell death is a fundamental biological phenomenon that is essential for the survival and development of an organism. Emerging evidence also indicates that cell death contributes to immune defense against infectious diseases. Pyroptosis is a form of inflammatory programmed cell death pathway activated by human and mouse caspase-1, human caspase-4 and caspase-5, or mouse caspase-11. These inflammatory caspases are used by the host to control bacterial, viral, fungal, or protozoan pathogens. Pyroptosis requires cleavage and activation of the pore-forming effector protein gasdermin D by inflammatory caspases. Physical rupture of the cell causes release of the pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1β and IL-18, alarmins and endogenous danger-associated molecular patterns, signifying the inflammatory potential of pyroptosis. Here, we describe the central role of inflammatory caspases and pyroptosis in mediating immunity to infection and clearance of pathogens.     

氯化铵裂解法与非裂解法提取人脂肪干细胞生物学特性的差异

文题释义： 氯化铵红细胞裂解液：含有氯化铵成分的红细胞裂解液,此种裂解液被广泛应用于骨髓干细胞及脂肪干细胞的提取,其目的是去除组织内的红细胞,使目的细胞群进一步纯化。其作用机制为：红细胞内有大量碳酸酐酶,可自发将NH₃转化为NH₄⁺,CO₂转化为HCO₃^-,促使胞外NH₃和CO₂连续内流造成细胞裂解。 基质血管成分：脂肪组织中除了含有成熟脂肪细胞外,还包含一组混杂的细胞群,即基质血管成分。基质血管成分包括血管内皮细胞、脂肪祖细胞、成纤维细胞、周细胞、脂肪干细胞,造血干细胞、红细胞等,其具有多向分化潜能及促进组织血管再生等功能,在组织及器官的再生、修复中具有极大的应用前景。 背景：脂肪干细胞的提取及纯化流程尚未建立统一标准。最常用的纯化脂肪干细胞的方法是利用红细胞裂解液处理基质血管成分。但这一步骤是否对脂肪干细胞存在不良影响仍缺乏证据,是否有利于未来临床应用仍有待探讨。 目的：比较氯化铵红细胞裂解液法和非裂解法提取脂肪干细胞的效率,并进一步比较两种方法提取脂肪干细胞的生物学特性。 方法：收集吸脂手术患者脂肪组织,经Ⅰ型胶原酶消化后,利用或不用氯化铵红细胞裂解液对基质血管成分进行纯化,Muse^TM细胞状态分析仪对活细胞计数及活细胞比例评估;将基质血管成分接种后培养人脂肪干细胞至第2代,光学显微镜观察脂肪干细胞形态,流式细胞学分析脂肪干细胞表型,CCK-8法绘制细胞增殖曲线,成脂及成骨培养基诱导后油红O及茜素红染色法分别评估成脂、成骨分化能力。该实验经中国医学科学院整形外科医院伦理委员会批准,并与患者签署相关知情同意书。 结果与结论：①与裂解组相比,非裂解组提取即刻的基质血管成分中非红活细胞数更多,活细胞百分比更大;②两组脂肪干细胞均呈梭形、鱼群状排列;③两组细胞均高表达CD90、CD73、CD105等细胞表面抗原,低表达或不表达CD11b、CD34、CD19、CD45、HLA-DR等细胞表面抗原;④非裂解组细胞增殖速度更快,成脂及成骨能力两组间无明显区别;⑤结果表明,利用氯化铵红细胞裂解液法提取基质血管成分降低了脂肪干细胞提取效率,抑制了脂肪干细胞增殖能力。非裂解过程不影响脂肪干细胞表型及成脂、成骨分化能力。因此不建议在人脂肪干细胞提取过程中进行氯化铵法红细胞裂解。 ORCID: 0000-0002-8958-4975(李梓菲) 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：干细胞;骨髓干细胞;造血干细胞;脂肪干细胞;肿瘤干细胞;胚胎干细胞;脐带脐血干细胞;干细胞诱导;干细胞分化;组织工程     

Aggregation of MHC class I molecules on a CD8+ alphabeta T cell clone specifically inhibits non-antigen-specific lysis of target cells

MHC class I molecules are target molecules recognized by TCR or NK receptors encoded in the NK gene cluster or leukocyte receptor cluster. We show that aggregation of MHC class I molecules by specific monoclonal antibodies on cytotoxic T cells, inhibits the anti-CD94 redirected lysis of P815. This inhibition is not the consequence of apoptosis or anergy of the cytotoxic T lymphocytes. In contrast, aggregation of MHC class I molecules does not inhibit either the anti-CD3 redirected cytotoxicity or the CD94-triggered up-regulation of CD25 molecules of the same T cell clone. MHC class I ligand molecules expressed by antigen presenting cells and/or T lymphocytes could therefore be able to modulate nonspecific cytotoxicity upon interaction with MHC class I molecules expressed by effector cytotoxic T lymphocytes.     

An in vitro model for purging of tumour cells from ovarian tissue

BACKGROUND: Cryopreservation and autografting of ovarian tissue may preserve fertility after cancer treatment, but could be hampered by tumour cell contamination. Epithelial tumour cell lysis can be obtained with cytotoxic T cell retargeting through the bispecific antibody BIS-1, with combined affinity for the T-cell receptor and epithelial glycoprotein-2 (EGP-2). Our aim was to study the concept of tumour cell purging in the setting of a suspension of ovarian tissue. METHODS: Human ovarian tissue was brought into suspension by mechanical and enzymatic treatment. Cells of the MCF-7 breast cancer cell line and activated human lymphocytes were co- incubated for 4 h with or without BIS-1 and with or without ovarian suspension. After incubation, MCF-7 cell death and cell growth were evaluated by fluorescent cell detection and MTT assay, respectively. Ovarian tissue morphology was evaluated immunohistochemically. RESULTS: MCF-7 cell death and cell growth inhibition increased with increasing ratios of lymphocytes to MCF-7 cells. BIS-1 addition gave further augmentation, with a maximum depletion of growing MCF-7 cells of 89% (SD 11%) versus without BIS-1, 23% (SD 15%; P < 0.001). Follicles remained morphologically intact. CONCLUSIONS: Purging of added epithelial tumour cells from ovarian tissue with BIS-1 is possible in vitro. Morphologically, follicles remain intact after this procedure. This method may contribute to safer replacement of ovarian tissue in female cancer survivors.     

中西医结合三联疗法对股骨头缺血性坏死患者足甲襞微循环的影响

目的:观察中西医结合三联疗法对股骨头缺血性坏死(ANFH)患者足甲襞微循环的影响。方法:60例患者随机分为三组,每组20例。三联治疗组:运用腰交感神经毁损术(LS)、针刀和中药3法同时治疗;针药治疗组:运用针刀加中药同时治疗;中药治疗组:只运用中药治疗。比较三组的临床疗效,并比较治疗前、治疗1周末和治疗结束后患者足甲襞微循环变化。结果:三联治疗组疗效明显优于其它两组(P<0.05或P<0.01)。甲襞微循环比较:三组治疗前各项指标均显著高于正常对照组(P<0.01);治疗1周末三联治疗组微循环较治疗前有明显改善(P<0.05或P<0.01),且三联治疗组各项积分均明显优于其它两组(P<0.05或P<0.01);治疗结束后各组与治疗前相比均有显著性改善(P<0.05或P<0.01),针药治疗组改善幅度明显优于中药治疗组,而三联治疗组改善幅度又明显优于针药治疗组(P<0.05或P<0.01),并接近正常。结论:LS、针刀和中药联合治疗能快速而又持久地改善ANFH的微循环状况,取得更好的临床疗效,且明显优于针刀和中药的单独或联合作用。     

寰枢椎半脱位的三维诊断及治疗

目的：研究与总结寰枢椎半脱位的X线片三维诊断和针刀松解、手法整脊的治疗效果。方法：选取寰枢椎半脱位的患者38例，投照相关X线片，并由此作出三维诊断，对确诊者进行针刀松解和手法整脊治疗，定期回访，观察患者的治疗效果情况。结果：经过1～3次治疗后，随访3个月，痊愈32例，显效6例，治愈率84．2％，有效率100％。结论：通过X线片对寰枢椎半脱位作出三维诊断并依此选择针刀和相应的手法整脊治疗，是寰枢椎半脱位诊疗的有效方法。