提高口腔组织病理学实验课教学质量的措施探讨

目的:口腔组织病理学是理论与实践密切结合的一门课程,实验教学在病理教学中占有重要地位.本研究旨在摸索一套行之有效的实验教学方法和模式,有效提升口腔组织病理学实验教学质量及学生观察、思维、分析和解决问题的能力.方法:教研室通过自编并及时更新《口腔组织病理学实验教学指导》,出版实验课辅导书《口腔组织病理学实验与理论教学彩色袖珍图谱》,增加病例样本量,提高及增加教学切片及示教片的质与量,运用互联网+的新教学模式,营造自主学习环境,以机考代替单纯切片考试,建立新的实验课考核评价方法等一系列措施,打造全方位、多层次、立体化的实验教学模式.结果:学生对实验教学改革给予高度肯定,所采取的措施在丰富教学内容、激发学习兴趣、促进自主学习等方面起到了积极作用.机考在检验学生掌握专业知识的系统性及全面性方面显著优于传统考试(P＜0.05).结论:多举措并举有效提高了《口腔组织病理学》实验课的教学质量,使学生面对纷繁复杂的疾病有一个思路清晰、富有逻辑的思考,将学过的各科理论知识充分融会贯通.     

防风色原酮提取物对大鼠胶原诱导性关节炎的影响

目的:研究防风色原酮提取物对大鼠胶原诱导性关节炎(collagen Ⅱ-induced arthritis,CIA)的防治作用及初步机制。方法:Ⅱ型胶原二次免疫诱导大鼠CIA模型,初次免疫前3d分别以0.21,0.42,0.84g·kg^-1量ig防风色原酮提取物,动态观察大鼠关节炎积分和发病率;免疫后35d取材,观察关节组织病理学和放射影像学变化;酶联免疫吸附法检测血清抗Ⅱ型胶原抗体IgG和IgM水平;放射免疫分析法检测血清中白细胞介素1β(IL-1β)、肿瘤坏死因子α(TNF-α)、白细胞介素6(IL-6)含量。结果:防风色原酮提取物能降低大鼠关节炎积分和发病率,抑制血清中IgG和IgM含量,减轻关节滑膜、软骨和骨的组织病理学变化及X光片的骨破坏程度,降低血清IL-1β,TNF-α和IL-6水平。结论:防风色原酮提取物能控制大鼠CIA病情的发生发展,其机制可能与对促炎细胞因子的有效抑制有关。     

Anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody seropositivity in young adults aged up to 35 years: kidney histopathological findings and patient outcomes

ObjectiveTo investigate the clinical features, pathological renal findings, and outcomes in young adults with anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (ANCA) seropositivity.MethodsAdults aged ≤35 years, with ANCA seropositivity, who underwent renal biopsy and received treatment comprising a combination of corticosteroids and cyclophosphamide between January 2004 and May 2018, were retrospectively enrolled.ResultsThirteen patients with ANCA seropositivity were included, all of whom presented with kidney disease at diagnosis: 10 (76.9%) with ANCA-associated pauci-immune glomerulonephritis, one with ANCA-associated crescentic glomerulonephritis with immune complex deposition, one with immunoglobulin A nephropathy, and one with membranous nephropathy. The median serum creatinine level was 183.2 μmol/l (range, 55.0–1024.0 μmol/l). Respiratory symptoms (9/13 [69.2%]) and nonspecific gastrointestinal symptoms (5/13 [38.5%]) were the most common extrarenal manifestations. Remission was achieved in 10 (91%) of 11 ANCA-associated nephritis cases, and median interval from diagnosis to relapse was 30 months (range, 9–63 months). Cumulative relapse-free survival rates at 1 and 5 years were 100% and 88.9%, respectively. Overall, 1-year and 5-year renal survival rates were 80.8% and 58.9%, respectively.ConclusionRenal histopathology varied in young adults with ANCA seropositivity. Although relapse rates in this young adult population were generally low, long-term renal survival rates remain unsatisfactory.     

‘Hints’ in the horn: diagnostic clues in the stratum corneum

The stratum corneum or horny layer is the uppermost layer of the epidermis, and is mainly responsible for the skin's barrier function. In spite of its complexity at the ultrastructural and molecular level, the features accessible to visualization on conventional histology are relatively limited. Nevertheless, knowledge of subtle clues that one may observe in the stratum corneum can prove useful in a wide range of situations in dermatopathology. We herein review a selection of common and rare entities in which the horny layer may reveal significantly important hints for the diagnosis. These clues include parakeratosis and its different patterns (focal, confluent, alternating, associated with spongiosis, epidermal hyperplasia or lichenoid changes), subcorneal acantholysis, infectious organisms in the stratum corneum (including fungal, bacterial and parasitic), thickening or thinning of the stratum corneum and the presence of different kinds of pigment. Even when normal, the horny layer may prove to be useful when seen in association with severe epidermal damage, a combination of features testifying to the acute nature of the underlying pathological process.     

反射式共聚焦显微镜在炎症性皮肤病诊疗中的应用

反射式共聚焦激光扫描显微镜(RCM)作为一种在体无创性皮肤检查设备,能够实时动态反应细胞形态及皮肤结构的变化,在某些皮肤病中其图像特征与组织病理学检查结果具有高度的一致性,本文就RCM在炎症性皮肤病的诊断、疗效评价和疾病进展中的应用作一综述。     

膀胱癌肉瘤与肉瘤样癌诊治再讨论

目的：探讨膀胱癌肉瘤和肉瘤样癌的组织学特性、临床表现、治疗以及预后.方法：回顾性分析1例膀胱癌肉瘤及2例肉瘤样痛患者的临床、病理和随访资料,并复习相关文献进行讨论.结果：3例患者术后病理检查可见上皮源性和间质源性两种恶性成分.1例癌组织CK和EMA阳性,但Vimentin阴性,肉瘤样组织Vi-mentin阳性,诊断为膀胱癌肉瘤,术后给予M-VAC方案化疗,于10个月后死于肿瘤肺部转移.2例癌组织与肉瘤样区有移行,癌组织CK和EMA阳性,但Vimentin阴性,肉瘤样组织CK、EMA及Vimentin阳性,诊断为膀胱肉瘤样癌,术后分别给予GC和M-VAC方案化疗,于8个月和11个月后死于肿瘤肺部转移和心力衰竭.结论：膀胱癌肉瘤和肉瘤样癌具有浸润性生长的生物学特性,恶性程度高,预后不良.其确诊依赖病理学及免疫组织化学检查,手术仍是首选治疗方式.     

Monitoring of Human Uterus Transplantation With Cervical Biopsies: A Provisional Scoring System for Rejection

Until now, absolute uterine factor infertility has been the major untreatable form of female infertility. Uterus transplantation has recently proven to be the first successful treatment for absolute uterine factor infertility, with demonstration of live births. In this study, live donation uterus transplantation was performed in nine women. In total, 163 cervical biopsies (149 protocol, 14 follow‐up) were taken to detect histopathological signs of rejection. Based on experience from animal experiments, we used a three‐grade scoring system to evaluate biopsies systematically. Nine episodes of rejection were diagnosed in five patients: grade 1 in six episodes, grade 2 in two episodes, and grade 3 in one episode. Treatment decisions were based on histopathology, and all rejection episodes were reversed after treatment. The biopsies were reviewed retrospectively, and immunohistochemistry was performed to characterize the inflammatory infiltrates. A borderline category was introduced to avoid overtreatment of patients. Based on our review of all biopsies, we put forward a simple grading system for monitoring of rejection and to guide immunosuppressive treatment in uterus transplantation.     

开肺陷胸汤对大鼠胰源性肺损伤的防治效应

目的：在制备大鼠胰源性肺损伤动物模型基础上给予中药治疗，动态观察血氧分压及二氧化碳分压变化，并对肺脏进行病理学分析。方法：实验分为模型组及中药治疗组,72h后观察肺脏病理变化及不同时间血气分析。结果：治疗组肺脏病理改变明显减轻（P＜0．05）；治疗组72h血氧分压明显高于模型组（P＜0．01），血二氧化碳分压明显低于模型组（P＜0．01）。结论：在胰源性肺损伤发病过程中，血氧分压及二氧化碳分压的变化直接反应出肺损伤病理改变的严重程度，治疗组随着氧分压升高，二氧化碳分压降低，标志着肺脏病理改变明显减轻。     

Malignant Adenomyoepithelioma of the Breast: A Review

Malignant adenomyoepithelioma (MAME) of the breast is a rare lesion characterized by dual population of epithelial and myoepithelial cells which one or both components show malignant features. We report a case of MAME of the breast in a 46‐year‐old woman diagnosed by fine‐needle aspiration with extensive review of the literature. Classification, clinical presentation, cyto‐pathologic, and immunohistochemical features are described. This lesion showed both malignant components of epithelial and myoepithelial cells in cytology and histology. The malignancy was convincingly supported by high mitotic figures, pleomorphism, and invasion in tissue sections. This review of MAMEs showed that cyto‐histologic diagnosis is difficult and should be supported by immunohistochemical study.     

Posttransplant Lymphoproliferative Disorder After Clinical Islet Transplantation: Report of the First Two Cases

We report the first two cases of posttransplant lymphoproliferative disorder (PTLD) in recipients of islet transplants worldwide. First, a 44‐year‐old recipient of three islet infusions developed PTLD 80 months after his initial transplantation, presenting with abdominal pain and diffuse terminal ileum thickening on imaging. He was treated with surgical excision, reduction of immunosuppression, and rituximab. Seven months later, he developed central nervous system PTLD, presenting with vertigo and diplopia; immunosuppression was discontinued, resulting in graft loss, and he was given high‐dose methotrexate and underwent consolidative autologous stem cell transplantation. He remains in remission 37 months after the initial diagnosis. Second, a 58‐year‐old female recipient of two islet infusions developed PTLD 24 months after initial islet infusion, presenting with pancytopenia secondary to extensive bone marrow involvement. Immunosuppression was discontinued, resulting in graft loss, and she received rituximab and chemotherapy, achieving complete remission. Both patients were monomorphic B cell PTLD subtype by histology and negative for Epstein–Barr virus in tissue or blood. These cases document the first occurrences of this rare complication in islet transplantation, likely secondary to prolonged, intensive immunosuppression, and highlight the varying clinical manifestations of PTLD. Further studies are needed to determine incidence rate and risk factors in islet transplantation.