Organization of visual corticostriatal projections in the cat,with observations on visual projections to claustrum and amygdala

Electrophysiological mapping criteria were employed to identify visual areas 20a, 20b, 21a, 21b, PMLS, AMLS, ALLS, PLLS, DLS, VLS, and PS in the cat, and to guide placement of tracer deposits. Anterograde tracer methods were used to study the corticostriatal projections of these extrastriate visual areas. The experiments demonstrate that all 11 extrastriate areas send projections to two distinct regions within the striatum, an extensive longitudinal zone within the caudate nucleus, and a more compact region within the posterolateral putamen. Cortical visual projections to the putamen terminate in relatively compact sheets or slabs, and appear to overlap extensively, while those to the caudate nucleus are irregularly patchy and more widely dispersed. Retrograde tracer deposits into the visual recipient zone of the caudate nucleus reveal substantial convergence of other cortical inputs to this same domain. Aspects of visuotopic organization are preserved in the visual projections to both the putamen and the caudate nucleus, but unequivocal retinotopic organization could not be inferred from the available material. Ten of the eleven extrastriate visual area also project topographically onto the visual zone of the claustrum. Area PS does not appear to contribute to the corticoclaustral projections. Five of the extrastriate visual areas (ALLS, PLLS, DLS, VLS, PS) also send sparse projections to the amygdaloid complex. c 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

Visual scoring and laser Doppler perfusion imaging of skin irritancy induced by different nicotine patches

Background/aims: Local skin reactions are the most common reason for discontinuation of transdermal nicotine replacement therapy in smoking cessation programs. The aims of the present study were (1) to quantify the intensity of skin reactions induced by different types of nicotine patches and (2) to compare the clinical evaluation of skin erythema using visual scores with independently performed quantitative estimates of skin perfusion.
Methods: Thirty-three subjects were included in the study, each receiving 2 different types of nicotine patches (Nicotinell and Nicorette) and 1 type of placebo patch (Nicorette), placed ventrally on the upper arms according to a randomized protocol. Patches were removed after 24 h (Nicotinell) and 16 h (Nicorette), respectively, according to recommended application times. Visual scoring and laser Doppler perfusion imaging were performed 45 min after removal of patches, in a randomized order.
Results: Nicotinell patches induced the highest cumulative clinical score for skin irritancy. All 3 investigated patches gave rise to a slight but significant skin perfusion increase and individual visual scores and perfusion data correlated.
Conclusion The degree of skin irritancy and underlying perfusion increase induced by 1 daily maintenance dose of transdermal nicotine via a patch is low, but differs between patch types.     

Functional mri of human brain activation combining high spatial and temporal resolution by a cine flash technique

Functional mapping of human brain activation has been accomplished at high spatial and temporal resolution (voxel size 4.9 μl, temporal increment 100 ms). The approach was based on oxygenation-sensitive long-echo time FLASH MRI sequences synchronized to multiply repeated cycles of visual stimulation in a CINE acquisition mode. This high temporal resolution revealed that stimulus-related signal intensity changes in human visual cortex display an initial latency followed by increases extending over several seconds. Furthermore, the temporal characteristics of the complete CINE MRI signal time course depended on the absolute and relative durations of activation and control periods and, for example, caused an apparent absence of a poststimulation “undershoot” phenomenon. Complementing hyperoxygenation due to rapid hemodynamic adjustments, these results suggest signal intensity modulation by enhanced oxygen consumption and concomitant deoxygenation during prolonged and/or repetitive stimulation.     

左旋多巴对弱视眼视诱发电位影响的研究

目的:探讨左旋多巴治疗弱视的效果。方法:正常眼和弱视眼服用单次剂量左旋多巴前后进行图形视诱发电位(pattem visual evoked poten-tial,PVEP)检测。结果:正常眼服药后中空间频率PVEP的N_1P_1振幅和高空间频率PVEP的P_1N_2振幅增大,弱视眼服药后低空间频率PVEP的N_1波潜伏期和中空间频率PVEP的P_1波潜伏期缩短。结论:左旋多巴可改善弱视眼的视功能,可作为弱视的一种新的治疗方法。眼科学报1997;13:182—185。     

New view of the organization of the pulvinar nucleus in Tupaia as revealed by tectopulvinar and pulvinar-cortical projections

The projections of the superficial layers of the superior colliculus to the pulvinar nucleus in Tupaia were reexamined by injecting WGA-HRP into the tectum. The main result was finding two different patterns of terminations in the pulvinar nucleus: a zone remote from the lateral geniculate nucleus, which occupies the dorsomedial and caudal poles of the pulvinar nucleus, was almost entirely filled with terminals in every case irrespective of the location of the injection site; and a second division of the pulvinar nucleus, adjacent to the lateral geniculate nucleus, contained irregular patches--much more densely populated--and the distribution of patches varied from case to case. We call the first projection "diffuse" and the patchy projection "specific." Next we injected several divisions of the extrastriate visual cortex to find the cortical target of each pathway. The diffuse path terminates in the ventral temporal area (Tv). The specific path terminates in the dorsal temporal area (Td) and area 18. We speculated about the significance of the two pathways: the specific path may be responsible for the preservation of vision after removal of the striate cortex; the diffuse path may have an important place in the evolution of the visual areas of the temporal and occipital lobe. We argued that the target of the diffuse path is in a position to relate limbic and visual impulses and relay the product of such integration to the other visual areas, striate as well as extrastriate cortex.     

白内障伴青光眼患者术后胰岛素抵抗及炎症因子水平与视觉质量的关系

目的分析白内障伴青光眼患者术后胰岛素抵抗及炎症因子水平变化与视觉质量的关系。 方法选取47例(47眼)白内障伴青光眼患者为研究对象,均接受超声乳化+小梁切除术治疗。术前、术后7天、术后3个月检测患者客观散射指数(OSI)、点扩散函数(PSF)、调制传递函数截止频率(MTF cutoff)、胰岛素敏感指数及白细胞介素(IL)-1β、IL-10、IL-2水平。采用Pearson法分析视觉质量参数与胰岛素抵抗情况及炎症因子的相关性。 结果与术前比较,术后7天和术后3个月最佳校正视力、MTF cutoff及胰岛素敏感指数升高,且术后3个月更高(P＜0.05);与术前比较,术后7天和术后3个月眼压、角膜内皮细胞计数、PSF、OSI及血清IL-1β、IL-2、IL-10水平降低,且术后3个月更低(P＜0.05)。Pearson分析显示,术前、术后7天和术后3个月,白内障伴青光眼患者OSI与胰岛素敏感指数呈负相关(P＜0.05),与血清IL-1β、IL-2、IL-10水平呈正相关(P＜0.05);MTF cutoff与胰岛素敏感指数呈正相关(P＜0.05),与血清IL-1β、IL-2、IL-10水平呈负相关(P＜0.05);PSF与血清IL-1β水平呈负相关(P＜0.05)。术后7天和3个月,PSF与胰岛素敏感指数呈正相关(P＜0.05),与血清IL-2、IL-10水平呈负相关(P＜0.05)。 结论超声乳化联合小梁切除术对视觉质量的改善可能与胰岛素抵抗及炎症因子变化密切相关。     

积极、消极情感在社区老年高血压患者疾病感知与健康促进行为之间的双重中介作用

目的 探讨社区老年高血压患者疾病感知和健康促进行为的关系及积极、消极情感在两者之间的中介作用。方法 采用疾病感知问卷简化版(BIPQ)、老年人健康促进行为量表(GHP),积极、消极情感量表(PANAS)对2021年12月至2022年2月广州市3家社区卫生服务中心和1家三甲医院的高血压门诊就诊的240例老年高血压患者进行横断面调查。构建结构方程模型,并采用Bootstrap抽样法对模型进行验证。结果 社区老年高血压患者疾病感知总分为(24.74±4.45)分,健康促进行为总分为(71.78±8.70)分,积极情感总分为(20.15±3.55)分,消极情感总分为(12.16±3.11)分。相关分析显示,疾病感知、消极情感与健康促进行为呈负相关(P<0.01);积极情感与健康促进行为呈正相关(P<0.01);疾病感知与消极情感呈正相关(P<0.01),而与积极情感呈负相关(P<0.01)。双重中介结构方程模型显示：拟合优度检验(χ²/df)=1.641、近似残差均方根(RMSEA)=0.054、比较拟合指数(CFI)=0.961。积极、消极情感在...     

The Role of Horizontal Connections in Generating Long Receptive Fields in the Cat Visual Cortex

The cells in the primary visual cortex possess numerous functional properties that are more complex and varied than those seen in the cortical input. These properties result from the network of intrinsic cortical connections running across the cortical layers and between cortical columns. In the current study we relate the long receptive fields that are characteristic of layer 6 cells to the input that these cells receive from layer 5. The axons of layer 5 pyramidal cells project over long distances within layer 6, enabling layer 6 cells to collect input from regions of cortex representing large parts of the visual field. When layer 5 was locally inactivated by injection of the inhibitory transmitter GABA, layer 6 cells lost sensitivity over the portion of their receptive fields corresponding to the inactivated region of layer 5. This suggests that the extensive convergence in the projection from layer 5 to layer 6 is responsible for generating the long receptive fields characteristic of the layer 6 cells.     

恶性肿瘤病人的耳廓视诊、电探测、染色的变化

采用耳廓视诊、耳廓电探测、耳廓染色三种手段,对116例恶性肿瘤病人、120例良性疾病病人和115例健康人进行对照检查证明：恶性肿瘤病人在耳廓上的相应部位软骨增生,耳轮色素沉着,Y_2软骨增生,耳廓上代表癌区的部位及肿瘤在耳廓上的相应部位电流增大;染色时,耳轮、Y_1～Y_7（注）及耳廓相应部位着色。而一般疾病组除耳廓相应部位电流增大,染色着色及充血、血疹外,耳廓上癌区基本上无阳性反应。健康人组通过三种手段检查,基本上无阳性反应。经统计学处理有极显著差异（P＜0．01）。双盲法验证,准确率达92.65％。