Human Diversity of Killer Cell Immunoglobulin-Like Receptors and Human Leukocyte Antigen Class I Alleles and Ebola Virus Disease Outcomes

We investigated the genetic profiles of killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptors (KIRs) in Ebola virus–infected patients. We studied the relationship between KIR–human leukocyte antigen (HLA) combinations and the clinical outcomes of patients with Ebola virus disease (EVD). We genotyped KIRs and HLA class I alleles using DNA from uninfected controls, EVD survivors, and persons who died of EVD. The activating 2DS4–003 and inhibitory 2DL5 genes were significantly more common among persons who died of EVD; 2DL2 was more common among survivors. We used logistic regression analysis and Bayesian modeling to identify 2DL2, 2DL5, 2DS4–003, HLA-B-Bw4-Thr, and HLA-B-Bw4-Ile as probably having a significant relationship with disease outcome. Our findings highlight the importance of innate immune response against Ebola virus and show the association between KIRs and the clinical outcome of EVD.     

Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza A(H5N8) Virus Spread by Short- and Long-Range Transmission,France, 2016–17

We detected 3 genotypes of highly pathogenic avian influenza A(H5N8) virus in France during winter 2016–17. Genotype A viruses caused dramatic economic losses in the domestic duck farm industry in southwestern France. Our phylogenetic analysis suggests that genotype A viruses formed 5 distinct geographic clusters in southwestern France. In some clusters, local secondary transmission might have been started by a single introduction. The intensity of the viral spread seems to correspond to the density of duck holdings in each production area. To avoid the introduction of disease into an unaffected area, it is crucial that authorities limit the movements of potentially infected birds.     

Puumala Virus Infection in Family,Switzerland

We report 3 cases of Puumala virus infection in a family in Switzerland in January 2019. Clinical manifestations of the infection ranged from mild influenza-like illness to fatal disease. This cluster illustrates the wide range of clinical manifestations of Old World hantavirus infections and the challenge of diagnosing travel-related hemorrhagic fevers.     

Genomic Analysis of Novel Poxvirus Brazilian Porcupinepox Virus,Brazil, 2019

We obtained the complete sequence of a novel poxvirus, tentatively named Brazilian porcupinepox virus, from a wild porcupine (Coendou prehensilis) in Brazil that had skin and internal lesions characteristic of poxvirus infection. The impact of this lethal poxvirus on the survival of this species and its potential zoonotic importance remain to be investigated.     

Active Case Finding of Current Bornavirus Infections in Human Encephalitis Cases of Unknown Etiology,Germany, 2018–2020

Human bornavirus encephalitis is a severe and often fatal infection caused by variegated squirrel bornavirus 1 (VSBV-1) and Borna disease virus 1 (BoDV-1). We conducted a prospective study of bornavirus etiology of encephalitis cases in Germany during 2018–2020 by using a serologic testing scheme applied along proposed graded case definitions for VSBV-1, BoDV-1, and unspecified bornavirus encephalitis. Of 103 encephalitis cases of unknown etiology, 4 bornavirus infections were detected serologically. One chronic case was caused by VSBV-1 after occupational-related contact of a person with exotic squirrels, and 3 acute cases were caused by BoDV-1 in virus-endemic areas. All 4 case-patients died. Bornavirus etiology could be confirmed by molecular methods. Serologic testing for these cases was virus specific, discriminatory, and a practical diagnostic option for living patients if no brain tissue samples are available. This testing should be guided by clinical and epidemiologic suspicions, such as residence in virus-endemic areas and animal exposure.     

56例极重型乙脑患者应用人工呼吸器治疗的并发症和死亡原因分析

对 5 6例使用机械通气的极重型乙脑患者的并发症和死亡原因进行分析。 5 6例患者呼吸衰竭的原因为 :脑水肿、脑疝 1 0例 ,呼吸道分泌物阻塞 8例 ,呼吸肌瘫痪 8例 ,混合因素 3 0例。应用机械通气后 5 6例患者中出现并发症的有 5 0例 (89.3 % )。机械通气 1 0d内仅 4例 (7.1 4% )发生感染 ,机械通气大于 2 0d有 48例 (85 .7% )发生感染(P <0 .0 1 ) ;同时机械通气大于 2 0d患者绿脓杆菌感染高达 2 7例 (4 8.2 % ) ,而机械通气小于 2 0d者仅 2例 (3 .6% )绿脓杆菌感染 (P <0 .0 1 )。结果提示 :极重型乙脑患者使用机械通气极易发生感染等并发症 ,通气天数减少 ,则并发症减少 ,病人存活机会增加。     

强直性脊柱炎并发虹睫炎易感性与LMP2和LMP7基因多态性的探讨

目的　研究LMP基因多态性与强直性脊柱炎并发虹睫炎发病的关系.方法　应用PCR对正常人和病人进行HLA-B27检测以及LMP2和LMP7扩增.CfoI进行限制性酶切图谱分析.结果　强直性脊柱炎有虹睫炎(AS+AAU)病史以及单纯虹睫炎(AAU)患者LMP2基因BB纯合型较正常人以及强直性脊柱炎(AS)患者明显增高(P＜0.05).AS+AAU患者BB型OR＝3.6,AAU患者BB型OR＝5.83.LMP7基因多态性无明显差别.结论　在我国汉人中,LMP2基因多态性与AS+AAU以及AAU发病存在明显相关关系.     

10年来小儿病毒性心肌炎临床情况分析(附126例报告)

目的：了解近10年来小儿病毒性心肌炎（VM）的临床情况。方法：回顾性分析该院10年来住院VM患儿126例。结果：VM住院率由10年前的1．28％增加到1．44％,CVB－IgM检测阳性率极高。101例随访1昕以上,超声心动图发现左室肥厚1例,无1例死亡;ECG示：ST段与T波改变最多,快速性心律失常发生率不同。结论：分析结果提示VM发病率逐年增加,亲心肌细胞肠道病毒尤其是柯萨奇病毒B组（CVB）是最常见的病原;重型患儿严重心律失常发生率最高,次为心力衰竭、心源性休克。     

流行性乙型脑炎患者体内干扰素变化的临床意义

目的 :了解流行性乙型脑炎 (乙脑 )患者体内干扰素 (IFN)水平的变化。方法 :采用细胞病变抑制法 (CPE)检测5 1例乙脑患者血清及脑脊液 (CSF)中的IFN水平。结果 :(1)急性期血清及CSF中的IFN水平均显著升高 ,恢复期显著下降 ,但仍明显高于正常对照 ;CSF中的含量高于血液 ,并与病情的严重程度关系密切。 (2 )采用IFN肌肉注射治疗的患者用药后血清中IFN升高 ,但CSF中IFN水平未见升高 ,而且临床主要症状及体征改善与未用IFN组无显著差异。结论　 (1)IFN参与了乙型脑炎的发病过程。 (2 )IFN治疗并不能提高疗效 ,临床上不易贸然使用 ,需寻找其它更为有效的抗病毒治疗方法。     

二羟丙腺苷加高压氧对小鼠脑炎病毒感染的抑制作用

目的 :研究S型与RS型二羟丙腺苷 (DHPA)与高压氧联用对人工感染小白鼠体内日本乙型脑炎 (乙脑 )病毒的抑制作用。方法 :整个实验用两株不同乙脑病毒分两次进行。每次一株 ,乙脑病毒接种小白鼠后将其分组 ,接种后 4～ 6h开始治疗 ,连续 5d ,于开始治疗后第二周末结束实验 ,计算每组小鼠死亡与存活数。结果 :对照组与 (S) DHPA/高压氧联合治疗组及 (RS) DHPA/高压氧联合治疗组效果差异有高度显著性 (P分别 <0 .0 2 5及 <0 .0 1) ,对照组与其他组治疗效果差异无显著性 (P均 >0 .0 5 )。结果 :(S) DHPA或 /及 (RS) DHPA与高压氧联合治疗可抑制人工感染小鼠体内日本乙型脑炎病毒的致病作用。