Effects of anti-oxidant treatment on sciatic nerve dysfunction in streptozotocin-diabetic rats; comparison with essential fatty acids

Summary In Study 1, the effects of treatment of streptozotocin-diabetic rats with the antioxidants, probucol or vitamin E were compared. Untreated diabetic rats showed a reduction of 45% (p<0.01) in nerve laser Doppler flux, which was used as an index of nerve blood flow. In diabetic rats treated with either probucol or vitamin E nerve Doppler flux was reduced by only 13 or 16%, respectively (p<0.01 for either compared to untreated diabetic rats). A second study examined the effects of treatment with evening primrose oil either alone or in combination with probucol. Reduced nerve Doppler flux was reproduced in untreated diabetic rats (47%; p<0.01). In parallel diabetic groups, nerve Doppler flux was reduced by only 14% with evening primrose oil alone and by 8% with evening primrose oil plus probucol (both p<0.01 vs untreated diabetic rats). Both treatments were also associated with marked attenuation of motor and sensory nerve conduction velocity deficits. Measurements on plasma from rats showed normalisation of triglyceride levels by probucol treatment without an effect on those of cholesterol in Study 1. In Study 2, the converse was true for evening primrose oil treatment, whilst the combined treatment lowered both plasma triglycerides and cholesterol. This work indicates similar effects of antioxidants and evening primrose oil against reduced nerve Doppler flux and conduction velocity in diabetic rats, with dissimilar actions on plasma triglycerides and cholesterol.Abbreviations STZ streptozotocin     

Loss of abdominal fat and improvement of the cardiovascular risk profile by regular moderate exercise training in patients with NIDDM

Summary Non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) is associated with an increased cardiovascular risk. Glycaemic control alone is often insufficient to control diabetic dyslipidaemia and other cardiovascular risk factors associated with NIDDM. The present trial was designed to evaluate the effects of physical activity as an adjunct to standard diabetes therapy on the lipid profile, blood pressure, glycaemic control, weight and body fat. Sixteen well-controlled (HbA_1c 7.5%) patients with NIDDM participated in a regular aerobic exercise training programme at 50–70% maximal effort over 3 months. Thirteen age- and sex-matched patients with NIDDM served as a control group. The 3-month intervention with an increase in physical activity from 92 (mean ± SD) ±79 to 246±112 min per week (p<0.001) by means of a structured activity programme resulted in significant improvement of plasma lipids with a 20% decrease in triglycerides (p<0.05), unchanged total cholesterol and increases in high-density lipoprotein and high-density lipoprotein-3 subfraction of 23% (p<0.001) and 26% (p<0.001), respectively. Systolic and diastolic blood pressure decreased significantly from 138±16 to 130±17 mm Hg (p<0.05) and 88±10 to 80±10 mmHg (p<0.001), respectively. Resting heart rate decreased from 81±13 to 74±14 beats per minute (p<0.001), waist-hip circumference ratio decreased from 0.96±0.11 to 0.92±0.10 (p<0.001) and body fat decreased from 35.3±7.2 to 33.0±8.0% (p<0.001). These effects occurred independently of changes in body weight and glycaemic control, which did not change during the study. This study shows that improvement in physical fitness by introducing regular physical exercise as part of the treatment programme in patients with NIDDM results in a significant amelioration of their cardiovascular risk profile.Abbreviations NIDDM Non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus - CHD coronary heart disease - HDL high density lipoprotein - BP blood pressure - bpm beats per minute - MAP mean arterial presssure - WHR waist-hip ratio - LPL lipoprotein lipase     

The effects of grape seed extract on glycemic control,serum lipoproteins,inflammation, and body weight: A systematic review and meta‐analysis of randomized controlled trials

The aim of this systematic review and meta‐analysis was to analyze the effects of grape seed extract (GSE) on glycemic control and serum lipoproteins, inflammation and body weight. Two independent authors systematically searched online databases including EMBASE, Scopus, PubMed, Cochrane Library, and Web of Science from inception until May 30, 2019. Cochrane Collaboration risk of bias tool was applied to assess the methodological quality of included trials. The heterogeneity among the included studies was assessed using Cochrane's Q test and I‐square (I²) statistic. Data were pooled using a random‐effects model and weighted mean difference (WMD) was considered as the overall effect size. Fifty trials were included in this meta‐analysis. Pooling effect sizes from studies demonstrated a significant decrease in fasting plasma glucose (FPG) (WMD): ?2.01; 95% confidence interval (CI): ?3.14, ?0.86), total cholesterol (TC; WMD: ?6.03; 95% CI: ?9.71, ?2.35), low‐density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol (WMD: ?4.97; 95% CI: ?8.37, ?1.57), triglycerides (WMD: ?6.55; 95% CI: ?9.28, ?3.83), and C‐reactive protein (CRP) concentrations (WMD: ?0.81; 95% CI: ?1.25, ?0.38) following GSE therapy. Grape seed did not influence HbA1c, HDL cholesterol levels, and anthropometric measurements. This meta‐analysis demonstrated that GSE intake significantly reduced FPG, TC, LDL cholesterol, triglycerides, and CRP levels.     

瘦素与原发性高血压的相关性研究

目的　探讨瘦素与原发性高血压的相关性。方法　原发性高血压患者 86例 ,健康对照组 87例 ,测定其空腹血清瘦素 (leptin)、血糖、胰岛素、血脂、体质量指数 (bodymassindex ,BMI) ,稳态模型评估法计算胰岛素抵抗指数(homeostasismodelassessmentinsulinresistanceindex ,HOMA IR) ,分析瘦素与高血压的关系。结果　高血压组的瘦素、HOMA IR高于对照组 ,差异有统计学意义 (P <0 .0 5 ) ,瘦素与性别、甘油三酯 (triglyceride,TG)、腰臀比 (waist hipratio,WHR)、BMI、收缩压、HOMA IR正相关 (P <0 .0 5 )。结论　瘦素与原发性高血压相关。     

Thylakoids suppress appetite by increasing cholecystokinin resulting in lower food intake and body weight in high‐fat fed mice

Thylakoids are membranes isolated from plant chloroplasts which have previously been shown to inhibit pancreatic lipase/colipase catalysed hydrolysis of fat in vitro and induce short‐term satiety in vivo. The purpose of the present study was to examine if dietary supplementation of thylakoids could affect food intake and body weight during long‐term feeding in mice. Female apolipoprotein E‐deficient mice were fed a high‐fat diet containing 41% of fat by energy with and without thylakoids for 100 days. Mice fed the thylakoid‐enriched diet had suppressed food intake, body weight gain and body fat compared with the high‐fat fed control mice. Reduced serum glucose, serum triglyceride and serum free fatty acid levels were found in the thylakoid‐treated animals. The satiety hormone cholecystokinin was elevated, suggesting this hormone mediates satiety. Leptin levels were reduced, reflecting a decreased fat mass. There was no sign of desensitization in the animals treated with thylakoids. The results suggest that thylakoids are useful to suppress appetite and body weight gain when supplemented to a high‐fat food during long‐term feeding. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

三酰甘油对临床生化检查的干扰剂量效应分析

目的：探讨三酰甘油（T G ）对16项常见临床生化检测结果的干扰剂量效应。方法参照美国临床和实验室标准化协会《临床化学干扰试验-批准指南》（EP7-A2）要求进行干扰试验,确定干扰物TG与干扰效果（偏差）之间的剂量效应。结果 TG对总蛋白、清蛋白、葡萄糖、尿素、碱性磷酸酶、镁、无机磷、钙、血清丙氨酸氨基转移酶、门冬氨酸氨基转移酶、铁存在正向干扰,其中前8项回归方程线性关系显著（P＜0．05）,后3项回归方程二次项关系显著（P＜0．05）。对γ-谷氨酰转肽酶、肌酸激酶、乳酸脱氢酶、肌酐、尿酸存在负向干扰,回归方程线性关系显著（P＜0．05）。结论 TG对临床常见生化检测结果存在不同剂量效应的干扰。     

高甘油三酯血症腰围表型与2型糖尿病性视网膜病变的相关性

目的：探讨高甘油三酯血症腰围表型(HTWC表型)与2型糖尿病性视网膜病变(DR)的相关性。方法将722例2型糖尿病患者以血甘油三酯≥1.7 mmoL/L、腰围男性≥85 cm或女性≥80 cm为切点,分为甘油三酯和腰围正常组、单纯高甘油三酯组、单纯腹型肥胖组、高甘油三酯血症腰围表型(HTWC)组,比较4组间 DR 的发生率及各生化指标,并进行 Logistic 回归分析。结果 HTWC 组患者体质量指数、腰围、臀围、收缩压、甘油三酯较非HTWC组升高(P<0.05或P<0.01),DR的发病率较高(P<0.05)。多因素 Logistic 回归分析表明,HTWC 表型是2型糖尿病患者合并DR的独立危险因素(OR =2.144,95%CI =1.219~3.770)。结论 HTWC表型是2型糖尿病患者合并DR的独立危险因素。     

A new pure ω-3 eicosapentaenoic acid ethyl ester (AMR101) for the management of hypertriglyceridemia: the MARINE trial

ω-3 fatty acids reduce triglyceride (TG) levels, but corresponding increases in low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) levels may compromise achievement of lipid goals in patients with elevated cardiovascular risk. AMR101 is an investigational agent containing ≥96% of pure icosapent ethyl (the ethyl ester of eicosapentaenoic acid). The Phase III Multi-Center, Placebo-Controlled, Randomized, Double-Blind, 12-Week Study with an Open-Label Extension (MARINE) investigated the efficacy and safety of AMR101 in 229 patients with very high TG levels (≥500 mg/dl). AMR101 4 g/day significantly reduced median placebo-adjusted TG levels from baseline by 33.1% (p < 0.0001), and AMR101 2 g/day reduced TG levels by 19.7% (p = 0.0051). Changes in LDL-C were minimal and nonsignificant. AMR101 may offer substantial TG lowering without increases in LDL-C levels.     

肝脏和肌肉脂肪异位沉积与空腹高胰岛素血症的发生

目的:研究高脂高糖饲养大鼠血浆游离脂肪酸和肝脏、肌肉甘油三酯沉积与胰岛素抵抗的关系.方法:健康雄性9周龄SD大鼠20只,随机分为实验组(n=10)高脂高糖饲料饲养和对照组(n=10)普通饲料饲养.实验6 wk,比较2组大鼠血浆游离脂肪酸(FFA),血清胰岛素(FINS),空腹血糖(FPG),胰岛素抵抗指数(HOMA-IR)及肝脏甘油三酯(TG)异位沉积的情况.结果:在实验6 wk与对照组比较,① FFA (mmoL/L,0.74±0.04 vs 0.62±0.05,P＜0.01);② FINS(mU/L,31.96±2.58 vs 12.64±1.35,P＜0.01);③ FBG (mmoL/L,5.32±0.55 vs 5.12±0.47,P＞0.01);④ HOMA-IR (7.57±1.11 vs 2.87±0.35,P＜0.01)均升高;⑤体内脂肪相对含量 (g,8.81±1.27 vs 6.65±0.88,P＜0.01);⑥油红染色病理切片计算机半定量分析,肝脏组织中TG含量高于正常对照组(99.5±4.7 vs 128.5±3.9,P＜0.01),肌肉(127.6±3.1 vs 134.7±2.9,P＜0.01)胰腺的TG沉积无明显差异(P＞0.05).结论:高脂高糖饲养可以诱导大鼠胰岛素抵抗,其胰岛素抵抗的形成与FFA的增加及肝脏和肌肉组织TG异位沉积有关.