We studied the fluxes of a potassium congener (Rb(+)) in mouse hearts by (87)Rb MRS at 8.4T. The hearts were loaded with Rb(+) by perfusion with Krebs-Henseleit buffer, in which 50% of K(+) was substituted with Rb(+). We initiated Rb(+) efflux by changing the perfusion medium to Rb(+)-free buffer. Spectra were acquired every 1.85 min, and the kinetics of Rb(+) transport were analyzed by means of monoexponential fits. The rate constants of Rb(+) uptake and efflux were 0.0680 +/- 0.0028 and 0.0510 +/- 0.0051 min(-1), respectively (approximately 30% faster than in the rat heart). The ATP-sensitive potassium channel opener, P-1075 (5 microM), and mitochondrial uncoupler, 2,4-dintrophenol (50 microM), activated Rb(+) efflux from mouse hearts by approximately 35%. The mechanisms responsible for the differences in Rb(+) uptake and efflux under baseline conditions and stimulation, in comparison with rat hearts, are discussed. These data provide a background for studies of cardiac potassium transport in transgenic mouse strains. 相似文献
Summary The motor neurones which innervate the bursalis muscle of the lizard Callopistes maculatus were identified by means of intra-axonal retrograde transport of horseradish peroxidase. These neurones were distributed in the oculomotor abducens and accessory abducens nuclei. In the oculomotor nucleus one group of neurones was located in the ventral subnucleus of the contralateral side while the other group was found in the dorsolateral subnucleus of the ipsilateral side. In the abducens and accessory abducens nuclei all the neurones were in the ipsilateral side. The accessory abducens cells, although less numerous, were larger and had a prominent dendritic field in close relationship with the nucleus descendens nervi trigemini. 相似文献
In this report, we describe a new colloidal-gold-labelled retrograde tracer, wheat germ agglutinin (WGA) conjugated to enzymatically inactive horseradish peroxidase (apoHRP). This protein gold complex (WGAapoHRP-Au) is a sensitive marker for retrograde tracing of the projections of CNS neurons at the light-microscopic (LM) level when a silver-enhancement procedure is used to detect the gold in the tracer. For electron-microscopic (EM) analysis, the silver-enhanced sections undergo a further gold-toning step. This protects against rapid oxidation and dissolution of the silver precipitate during the osmication procedure. A major advantage of WGAapoHRP-Au is that it can be used in a variety of multiple-labelling studies. When the retrograde transport of the new tracer is combined with that of the fluorescent dye, True Blue, neurons that have bifurcating axons can be readily demonstrated. Simultaneous immunofluorescent detection of the cytochemistry of the double-retrogradely labelled neurons is also possible. In contrast to a WGA-HRP gold complex, the new complex has no enzymatic activity. Thus HRP-based techniques (e.g., anterograde transport of WGA-HRP or peroxidase-antiperoxidase immunocytochemistry) can be performed on tissue that contains retrogradely labelled neurons marked with WGAapoHRP-Au without having to pretreat tissue so as to destroy endogenous HRP enzyme activity. At the EM level, the gold is readily distinguished from DAB immunoreaction product. This makes both LM and EM double-labelling studies possible. The great sensitivity of the new tracer, its compatibility with a variety of aldehyde fixatives, its ease of detection, and the fact that it can be simultaneously used with several fluorescent and HRP-based immunocytochemical and tracing techniques make WGAapoHRP-Au a valuable tool for LM and EM characterization of CNS cytochemistry and connectivity. 相似文献
The priority of direct monitoring of blood gases in Paediatric Intensive Care Units (PICU) increased substantially after introduction of the Deep Picture™ method and Oxygen Status Algorithm (OSA) (1) into medical practice. We used the advantages of these methods as a prerequisite for a more detailed and deeper analysis of the blood oxygen profile (2, 3). The aims of the present paper were:
1
To illustrate the applicability of the capacity coefficients β10, β23, β5. 4 of the transported oxygen and the "Useful Ratio" (UR) index of the haemoglobin oxygen, previously described by us, and the benefit derived from differentiation of the states of hyperoxia, normoxia and hypoxia; hyperoxaemia, normoxaemia and hypoxaemia on the Blood Oxygen Binding Curve (BOBC) in critically ill newborns, infants and children.
2.
To expand the diagnostic capacity of the Blood Gas Map (BGM) used with the OSA in children and to supplement the arterial oxygen diagnostics with new indices that reflect the relationship between oxygen uptake and oxygen transported in the body.
3.
To share our experience in PICU related to the acid-base-electrolytes relationship and to the possibility of assessing the reno-hepatic regulation according to the changes of the acid-base status in critically ill children.
The predisposition of African Americans to the salt sensitive form of essential hypertension may result from increased freely exchangeable Ca in intracellular Ca stores and a higher cellular Ca turnover (i.e., enhanced Ca entry into and accelerated Ca extrusion from the cytosol). These alterations entail higher activities of Ca extrusion transport systems, including the Na+/Ca2+ exchanger (NCE), which extrudes Ca in exchange for external Na+ , and plasma membrane Ca‐ATPase (PMCA) that extrudes Ca in exchange for external protons. The higher activity of PMCA, coupled with a higher metabolic activity resulting from a rise in freely exchangeable Ca, increase cellular acid load. Adaptive cellular mechanisms must evolve under these conditions, whereby increased activity of the Na/H exchanger (NHE‐1) maintains normal cytosolic pH by enhancing the extrusion of cytosolic protons in exchange for extracellular Na. Cells with increased cellular Ca stores and enhanced Ca turnover may be particularly vulnerable to the factors that inhibit the Na‐pump. By inhibiting the Na‐pump, these factors diminish the transmembrane Na gradient and consequently inhibit the forward mode of the NCE. Since cells from African Americans show increased Ca turnover, they should retain more Ca upon exposure to Na‐pump inhibitors; a heightened sensitivity to Na‐pump inhibitors could therefore underlie the propensity of African Americans and other individuals with accelerated cellular Ca turnover rate to the salt sensitive form of essential hypertension. Accelerated cellular Ca turnover in African Americans also explains their better response to Ca antagonists compared with other antihypertensive drugs. 相似文献
Convective transport of water from the coronal to the apical end of obturated root canals was determined by the movement of an air bubble in a capillary glass tube connected to the apex of the experimental root section using a headspace pressure of 120 kPa (1.2 atm). Water transport through existing voids in the obturated canals could be measured reproducibly in this way. The root canals of 60 human maxillary canines were filled with gutta-percha and sealer by the cold lateral condensation technique. Thirty of these were first exposed to a small motile bacterium, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, growing in a reservoir at the coronal end of each root. After 50 days, two specimens allowed penetration of bacteria to a reservoir at the apical end. All the roots were then assessed quantitatively for convective transport of water. The results were divided into three defined categories: 39 obturated canals were in the‘bacteria tight’category, 14 canals in the 'slight leakage’and 7 canals in the‘gross leakage’category. The two specimens that showed bacterial penetration fell into the slight and gross leakage categories. The previous test for bacterial passage did not statistically influence the fluid transport pattern of these roots which was measured subsequently. These findings indicate that fluids transport through obturated root canals, most of which do not allow the passage of bacteria. 相似文献