Comparison of subretinal fluid levels of two 0.3% ciprofloxacin-containing eye drops

Purpose : Two ophthalmic solutions of 0.3% ciprofloxacin eye drops are available in Turkey: Ciloxan and Siprogut. A previous study by the same authors was the first to report vitreous penetration of ciprofloxacin‐containing eye drops. The aim of the present study was to compare the levels of drug found in the subretinal fluid by the two products following local administration. Methods : Forty‐three patients undergoing conventional retinal detachment surgery received either Ciloxan (22 patients) or Siprogut (21 patients). Beginning 6 h before surgery, two drops of solution were instilled onto the operative eye every 30 min for the first 3 h and then hourly for the next 3 h. Subretinal fluid samples were collected 30 min after administration of the last dose and were assayed for ciprofloxacin levels using a method involving high‐ performance liquid chromatography with fluorometric detection. Results : The minimum and maximum subretinal fluid concentrations measured were 0.11 μg/mL and 0.65 μg/mL, respectively, with Ciloxan, and 0.08 μg/mL and 0.62 μg/mL, respectively, with Siprogut. There was no statistical difference between the subretinal fluid ciprofloxacin levels of the two products. The subretinal fluid drug levels attained by both products were below the minimum inhibitory concentrations of common ocular pathogens. Conclusions : Ciloxan and Siprogut can penetrate subretinal fluid. The ocular bioavailability of ciprofloxacin after local administration is equivalent for both pharmaceutical products.     

Comparison of tissue concentrations after intramuscular and topical administration of ketoprofen

Purpose. To assess whether topical ketoprofen, which has been reported to provide analgesic effects in clinical studies, reaches predictable tissue concentrations high enough to account for the reported analgesia. Intramuscular ketoprofen was used as positive control. Methods. Muscle and subcutaneous tissue concentrations were assessed by microdialysis. Plasma and tissue concentrations after intramuscular injection were described using a three-compartment population pharmacokinetic model. The prediction performance of the model was assessed by superimposing tissue concentrations of 12 subjects that did not participate in the present study. Results. Most dialysate concentrations after topical dosing of ketoprofen (100 mg) were below the quantification limit of 0.47 ng/ml. Plasma concentrations increased slowly and reached an apparent plateau of 7-40 ng/ml at 10-12h. No decline was observed up to 16 h. Tissue concentrations after intramuscular injection (100 mg) were about 10 times higher than those after topical dosing. Tissue concentrations measured in the majority of the 12 subjects that did not participate in the present study were found within the range of two-thirds of the predicted concentrations. Conclusion. Predictable and cyclooxygenase-inhibiting concentrations of ketoprofen were achieved in subcutaneous and muscle tissue after intramuscular but not after topical dosing. Thus, the tissue concentrations of ketoprofen after topical administration can hardly explain the reported clinical efficacy of topical ketoprofen.     

江苏省家蝇对4种常用杀虫剂抗性调查

目的了解2005年江苏省家蝇对4种常用杀虫剂的抗性现状。方法点滴法。结果镇江、泰州的家蝇对敌敌畏、氯氰菊酯、溴氰菊酯和氯菊酯的抗性均已达高抗以上,张家港除了对敌敌畏为高抗外,对氯氰菊酯、溴氰菊酯和氯菊酯均为中等抗性。结论镇江、泰州、张家港三地对家蝇经过长期的化学防治,一些杀虫剂产生了明显的抗性。因此,这些地区今后在进行家蝇化学防治时应换用其它种类的杀虫剂。     

Topical treatment of rhinosinusitis

We reviewed current clinical evidence for the use of topical treatments in pediatric rhinosinusitis. Repeated Entrez PubMed searches were done using the template algorithm [rhinosinusitis AND (…)] with the settings: [Humans; English; All Child 0–18; Clinical trial; Last 10 yr] for the following comparators: steroid, irrigation, saline, antihistamine, decongestant, antibiotic, antimycotic, fungicide. The authors' clinical experience in the pediatric allergy unit of a university hospital was also drawn upon. Pediatric studies were retrieved but only one satisfied current evidence-based medicine standards for reporting clinical trials. Studies could not be systematized because of methodological, analytical, and interpretation biases. While saline irrigation, nasal decongestants, steroids, antibiotics, antihistamines and fungicides are all in widespread pediatric use, comparing studies from the literature for evidence of efficacy implied subjective appraisal, except in the case of topical steroids. Evidence for the efficacy of topical treatment for pediatric rhinosinusitis is narrative albeit this modality cannot be excluded from individualized patient protocols on the basis of the clinical literature alone. With the exception of topical steroids, no weighable evidence of effectiveness supports the premise that topical treatments actually serve the purpose for which they are widely prescribed in pediatrics.     

Improved topical treatment of lamellar ichthyosis: a double-blind study of four different cream formulations

Lamellar ichthyosis (LI) is characterized by generalized scaling of the skin and is often resistant to ordinary emollients. Recently, Locobase(R) fatty cream containing a mixture of 5% lactic acid and 20% propylene glycol (LPL) was found to be markedly effective in a pilot study. To consolidate this finding, a double-blind study comparing LPL with the corresponding mixture in Essex(R) (Diprobase(R)) cream (LPE) and Locobase(R) fatty cream containing either 5% urea or 20% propylene glycol was conducted in 20 patients with LI. Before and after applying the creams twice daily on each of the four extremities for 4 weeks, the following investigations were performed: scoring of xerosis, scaling and erythema, measurements of skin hydration (capacitance) and transepidermal water loss (TEWL), and moulding of the skin surface (replicas). Xerosis was reduced by all four creams, but significantly more so by LPL (P < 0.001) and LPE (P < 0.01). Scaling was only reduced by LPL (P < 0.001) and LPE (P < 0.01), which also caused a slight increase in the erythema score (P < 0.05 for both). The patients' weekly evaluation of symptoms showed that LPL produced the most rapid effect: the response rate after 4 weeks was 63%. Skin hydration and TEWL were both significantly increased by LPL and LPE, whereas skin roughness was reduced most by LPL. Fourteen patients preferred LPL over the other cream formulations. Ten patients continued using LPL for up to 8 weeks with good results and no side-effects other than occasional irritation in the skin folds. LPL is a major advance in the topical treatment of LI that suits most patients. Some patients, however, seem to prefer the more hydrophilic LPE formulation. Both formulations effectively reduce hyperkeratosis and xerosis, but may cause slight irritation and adversely affect the epidermal barrier function.     

天山雪莲微乳小鼠局部药代动力学的研究

制备天山雪莲微乳,考察天山雪莲在小鼠腹部皮肤的滞留量与时间的关系及其局部经皮给药的药动学,探讨微乳促进药物的经皮吸收的作用。方法：测定制备样品的平均粒径、粒径分布等理化性质;以绿原酸、芦丁为指标性成分,采用HPLC法测定不同时间给药皮肤中绿原酸、芦丁生物滞留量,DAS软件拟合药物动力学参数。结果：天山雪莲微乳平均粒径为 54.51 nm,多分散系数(PDI)为0.281,Zeta电位为-0.687 mV;在小鼠皮肤中滞留量的动力学过程符合二室模型。结论：天山雪莲微乳中有效成分能较快渗透进入皮肤,并在皮肤局部较长时间蓄积。     

表面麻醉在小切口非超声乳化白内障摘除术中的应用

目的:探讨表面麻醉在小切口非超声乳化白内障摘除术中应用的安全性、可靠性及有效性。方法:采用盐酸奥布卡因滴眼液进行表面麻醉,对45例53眼白内障患者施行小切口非超声乳化白内障摘除联合后房型人工晶体植入术,观察其麻醉效果及并发症。结果:49眼术中未感到疼痛或感到轻微疼痛,手术能顺利进行;3眼术中比较疼痛,经加滴1~2次表面麻醉药后仍能顺利完成手术;1眼行人工晶体后房悬吊固定时有痛感而加用筋膜囊下麻醉而完成手术。结论:表面麻醉在小切口非超声乳化白内障手术中确切有效,简单快捷,且并发症较球后麻醉少。但适应证的选择很重要,对手术并发症的处理有时要联合应用其他麻醉方式。