A Review of CAM for Procedural Pain in Infancy: Part I. Sucrose and Non-nutritive Sucking

There is increasing concern regarding the number of painful medical procedures that infants must undergo and the potential risks of alleviating infant pain with conventional pharmacologic agents. This article is Part I of a two-part series that aims to provide an overview of the literature on complementary and alternative (CAM) approaches for pain and distress related to medical procedures among infants up to six weeks of age. The focus of this article is a review of the empirical literature on sucrose with or without non-nutritive sucking (NNS) for procedural pain in infancy. Computerized databases were searched for relevant studies including prior reviews and primary trials. The most robust evidence was found for the analgesic effects of sucrose with or without NNS on minor procedural pain in healthy full-term infants. Despite some methodological weaknesses, the literature to date supports the use of sucrose, NNS and other sweetened solutions for the management of procedural pain in infancy.     

Nociceptive responses to chronic stress of restraint and noxious stimuli in sucrose fed rats

Stress produces analgesia and sucrose ingestion immediately relieves the stress in both the rat and human models, however the effect of sucrose feeding on chronic stress of repeated varying pain is not known. Adult male rats were subjected to a stress regimen of restraint and various degrees of noxious stimuli given repeatedly during 58 h in six sessions with a rest of 32 h. In a 4‐h session, the rats were subjected to the stress of thermal noxious stimulation, pin prick and electrical stimulation of nociceptive afferents (six, one and nine times at intervals of 5 min) in addition to the restraint stress. The effect of this stress on their nociceptive responses was noted as hind paw lick latency, HPL; tail flick latency, TFL; threshold of tail flick, TF; vocalization during stimulus, SV and vocalization after discharge, VA. On the fourth day, the rats received sucrose solution (20 percent orally) ad libitum, which was withdrawn after session IV. During session II–IV in pre‐sucrose fed state, the TFL remained unaffected as compared to session I, while the HPL decreased (18.53 ± 4.96 s, 12.01 ± 4.64 s in sessions I, VI respectively); and the thresholds for TF, SV and VA (0.34 ± 0.16 and 0.71 ± 0.32 mA in session I, VI respectively) progressively increased. After sucrose ingestion during sessions II–IV, the above‐mentioned decrease in HPL and increase in thresholds was not observed. However, they appeared after discontinuation of sucrose during sessions V and VI. The results of our experiment suggest that exposure to our novel model of chronic (58 h) albeit intermittent stress of noxious stimuli and restraint produced an analgesic response in the threshold of TF, SV and VA, an hyperalgesic response in HPL and no effect in TFL; which were attenuated by ingesting a palatable sucrose solution ad libitum. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

乳熟期鲜食玉米穗不同部位碳水化合物的变化

对乳熟期鲜食玉米穗不同部位碳水化合物的变化研究表明，籽粒中可溶性总糖（TSC）质量分数为先增加后降低，蔗糖（SUC）和TSC的变化趋势相似，淀粉质量分数逐渐增加，可溶性酸性蔗糖转化酶的活性先增加后降低．穗轴中SUC及TSC质量分数在授粉后任何时期总是高于籽粒，淀粉质量分数远低于籽粒．苞皮中TSC与SUC质量分数缓慢减少，在籽粒灌浆初期积累有大量的TSC，为籽粒迅速灌浆做出了贡献，淀粉质量分数远低于穗轴．鲜食玉米采收后应低温放置或及时加工，以抑制糖快速转化为淀粉，防止鲜食玉米品质下降．     

重复大量摄入蔗糖与麦芽糖对健康成人胰岛功能的影响

<正>随着经济水平的提高,生活方式的西化,含有大量精制糖的西点,成为年轻人能量摄入的重要组成部分。据报道,与全麦食品相比,摄入大量含精制糖的食品可引起低血糖[1]。短暂的低血糖可引起明显的脑功能紊乱和认知障碍,丧失驾驶能力[2]。然而,是否短时间内摄入大量糖分引起胰岛素分泌增加,从而导致低血糖尚未得到证实。蔗糖和麦芽糖均为双糖,经常被用为食品中的调味料或添加剂。本实验研究比较短时间内重复大量摄入蔗糖或麦芽糖对胰岛素分泌的影响。     

Melatonin regulates carbohydrate metabolism and defenses against Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000 infection in Arabidopsis thaliana

Melatonin has been reported to promote plant growth and development. Our experiments with Arabidopsis thaliana showed that exogenous applications of this molecule mediated invertase inhibitor (C/VIF)‐regulated invertase activity and enhanced sucrose metabolism. Hexoses were accumulated in response to elevated activities by cell wall invertase (CWI) and vacuolar invertase (VI). Analyses of sugar metabolism‐related genes revealed differential expression during plant development that was modulated by melatonin. In particular, C/VIF1 and C/VIF2 were strongly down‐regulated by exogenous feeding. We also found the elevated CWI activity in melatonin‐treated Arabidopsis improved the factors (cellulose, xylose, and galactose) for cell wall reinforcement and callose deposition during Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000 infection, therefore, partially induced the pathogen resistance. However, CWI did not involve in salicylic acid (SA)‐regulated defense pathway. Taken together, this study reveals that melatonin plays an important role in invertase‐related carbohydrate metabolism, plant growth, and pathogen defense.     

中成药DNA提取技术优化及其在人参类制剂分子鉴定中的应用

目的 建立并完善从中成药及保健品中提取DNA的有效方法,并在人参类制剂中进行验证。方法 使用中成药和保健品中常用的辅料(如淀粉、蔗糖、葡萄糖等)模拟CTAB法提取DNA过程,用以筛选影响提取DNA效率的因素;使用甲醇作为沉淀试剂优化传统的CTAB法,并使用MAS-PCR方法对市场上人参类中成药及保健品进行分子鉴定,以验证优化的技术。结果 中成药及保健品中的淀粉(包括药源性淀粉和辅料添加的淀粉)通过CTAB反应后生成极性较大的复合物,其与70%乙醇不能互溶,而且在碱性条件下对DNA有强烈的溶解作用,从而影响了CTAB法提取DNA的提取效率;利用甲醇作为沉淀试剂能够有效去除CTAB裂解过程中产生的高极性复合物的影响,70%甲醇-醋酸钠溶液能够有效提取中成药及保健品的DNA;利用优化的DNA提取方法和MAS-PCR法实现了11种市售人参类制剂的快速分子鉴定,结果显示8种与商品描述一致、1种有掺伪情况、2种为伪品。结论 使用甲醇作为沉淀试剂优化传统的CTAB法,可以较好地克服中药制剂中淀粉对DNA提取的不利影响,可以有效地实现基于DNA的中药制剂分子鉴定。     

Ingestion of a moderate high‐sucrose diet results in glucose intolerance with reduced liver glucokinase activity and impaired glucagon‐like peptide‐1 secretion

Aims/Introduction: Excessive intake of sucrose can cause severe health issues, such as diabetes mellitus. In animal studies, consumption of a high‐sucrose diet (SUC) has been shown to cause obesity, insulin resistance and glucose intolerance. However, several in vivo experiments have been carried out using diets with much higher sucrose contents (50–70% of the total calories) than are typically ingested by humans. In the present study, we examined the effects of a moderate SUC on glucose metabolism and the underlying mechanism. Materials and Methods: C57BL/6J mice received a SUC (38.5% sucrose), a high‐starch diet (ST) or a control diet for 5 weeks. We assessed glucose tolerance, incretin secretion and liver glucose metabolism. Results: An oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) showed that plasma glucose levels in the early phase were significantly higher in SUC‐fed mice than in ST‐fed or control mice, with no change in plasma insulin levels at any stage. SUC‐fed mice showed a significant improvement in insulin sensitivity. Glucagon‐like peptide‐1 (GLP‐1) secretion 15 min after oral glucose administration was significantly lower in SUC‐fed mice than in ST‐fed or control mice. Hepatic glucokinase (GCK) activity was significantly reduced in SUC‐fed mice. During the OGTT, the accumulation of glycogen in the liver was suppressed in SUC‐fed mice in a time‐dependent manner. Conclusions: These results indicate that mice that consume a moderate SUC show glucose intolerance with a reduction in hepatic GCK activity and impairment in GLP‐1 secretion. (J Diabetes Invest, doi: 10.1111/j.2040‐1124.2012.00208.x , 2012)     

Iron deficiency: a concise review

Iron deficiency is a major worldwide health problem. There is recent evidence that the anemia is only the last manifestation of the syndrome and that symptoms occur before the anemia is manifest. Advances in outlining the physiology of iron deficiency have been made, gaps remain in the current understanding. While oral iron supplement remains the mainstay, some indications for the intravenous administration have developed. This review will highlight the epidemiology, physiology, clinical presentation, and treatment options.     

蔗糖铁注射液治疗维持性血液透析肾性贫血疗效分析

目的分析蔗糖铁注射液治疗维持性血液透析肾性贫血的临床疗效。方法将收治的维持性血液透析后发生肾性贫血的120例患者纳入研究,随机分组。在促红细胞生成素基础上对照组口服铁剂治疗,试验组静脉注射蔗糖铁治疗。连续治疗8w,对比两组患者Hb、Hct、SF、TSAT等指标的变化和不良反应的差异。结果与治疗前对比,治疗后患者Hb、Hct、SF、TSAT等指标均有所上升,其中试验组各指标上升幅度明显大于对照组,组间差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。与对照组对比,试验组患者治疗期间不良反应发生率较低,组间差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论采用蔗糖铁注射液治疗维持性血液透析肾性贫血,可明显改善贫血症状,且不良反应轻微,可在临床推广应用。     

Systematic Reviews Published in the January 2013 Issue of the Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly as a DVD but monthly online (http://www.thecochranelibrary.com). The January 2013 issue (1st DVD for 2013) contains 5328 complete reviews, 2291 protocols for reviews in production, and almost 19,600 short summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 681,000 randomized controlled trials, and 15,700 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains some 12,000 citations. One hundred and twenty-two new reviews have been published in the previous 3 months, of which five have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine. The impact factor of the Cochrane Library stands at 5.715. Readers are encouraged to access the full report for any articles of interest as only a brief commentary is provided.