黄精炮制品多糖多元指纹图谱的建立及化学模式识别

目的 构建黄精炮制品多糖的酶水解产物指纹图谱,结合化学计量学方法评价不同蒸晒次数黄精炮制品多糖的差异。方法 采用糖苷酶水解,结合高效薄层色谱（high thin-layer chromatography,HPTLC）、亲水作用色谱-高效液相色谱-蒸发光检测器（hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography-high performance liquid chromatography-evaporative light scattering detector,HILIC-HPLC-ELSD）和超高效液相色谱-四级杆飞行时间串联质谱（ultra high pressure liquid chromatography-quadrupole time of flight tandem mass spectrometry,UHPLC-QTOF/MS）对相应的酶解产物进行高效分离和检测。由此产生的自下而上的指纹图谱反映了黄精炮制品多糖的变化,通过相似度和偏最小二乘-判别分析（partial least squares-discriminant analysis,PLS-DA）对指纹图谱进行综合评价。结果 HPTLC分析发现,果糖随着蒸晒次数的增加逐渐降低,结合色谱分析发现,六蒸六晒和十二蒸十二晒为黄精炮制过程中的转折点。同时根据酶水解中寡糖的变化,利用相似度和PLS-DA对不同蒸晒次数的黄精炮制品进行了清晰的聚类。结合UHPLC-QTOF/MS分析表明,不同蒸晒次数黄精炮制品中含有蔗糖、蔗果三糖、蔗果四糖、蔗果五糖、蔗果六糖、蔗果七糖及蔗果八糖。结论 基于酶解法分析不同蒸晒次数样品的质量动态变化,结合所建立的多元指纹图谱,进一步阐释了不同蒸晒次数黄精炮制品的科学内涵。     

Mitogen‐activated protein kinase phosphatase‐2 deletion modifies ventral tegmental area function and connectivity and alters reward processing

Mitogen‐activated protein kinases (MAPKs) regulate normal brain functioning, and their dysfunction is implicated in a number of brain disorders. Thus, there is great interest in understanding the signalling systems that control MAPK functioning. One family of proteins that contribute to this process, the mitogen‐activated protein kinase phosphatases (MKPs), directly inactivate MAPKs through dephosphorylation. Recent studies have identified novel functions of MKPs in foetal development, the immune system, cancer and synaptic plasticity and memory. In the present study, we performed an unbiased investigation using MKP‐2^?/? mice to assess whether MKP‐2 plays a global role in modulating brain function. Local cerebral glucose utilization is significantly increased in the ventral tegmental area (VTA) of MKP‐2^?/? mice, with connectivity analysis revealing alterations in VTA functional connectivity, including a significant reduction in connectivity to the nucleus accumbens and hippocampus. In addition, spontaneous excitatory postsynaptic current frequency, but not amplitude, onto putative dopamine neurons in the VTA is increased in MKP‐2^?/? mice, which indicates that increased excitatory drive may account for the increased VTA glucose utilization. Consistent with modified VTA function and connectivity, in behavioural tests MKP‐2^?/? mice exhibited increased sucrose preference and impaired amphetamine‐induced hyperlocomotion. Overall, these data reveal that MKP‐2 plays a role in modulating VTA function and that its dysfunction may contribute to brain disorders in which altered reward processing is present.     

HBV颗粒的纯化及生物学活性鉴定

目的优化纯化HBV患者血清中HBV颗粒的技术方法。方法在蔗糖介质中,分别以100 000 g和70 000 g进行不连续蔗糖梯度(60%,45%,35%,25%,15%)离心5 h,离心后,分段吸取6份收集液,PCR荧光定量检测各组分HBV滴度;收集前5份收集液进行超滤,去蔗糖,PCR荧光定量检测HBV超滤液;电镜观察70 000g纯化后的HBV超微形态;70000 g纯化后的HBV颗粒感染树鼩肝细胞,检验70 000 g纯化后的HBV感染活性。结果100 000 g离心造成大量HBV在离心过程中损失,收获率只有21%,70 000g离心不仅降低了离心中的病毒损失,而且可有效对HBV和血清进行分离,收获率达到78%以上,较100 000g还提高3.7倍多。电镜可观察到纯化后病毒液中有大量的病毒颗粒;纯化后的HBV颗粒感染活性良好,可有效感染原代树鼩肝细胞。结论70 000 g不连续蔗糖梯度离心可有效分离纯化HBV病毒,较100 000 g收获率明显提高,纯化后的HBV不但具有典型的HBV特征,还具有良好的生物学感染活性。     

蔗糖铁注射液治疗血液透析患者肾性贫血的疗效与安全性观察

目的比较静脉应用蔗糖铁（简称静脉组）与口服多糖铁复合物（简称口服组）治疗使用促红细胞生成素（EPO）的维持性血液透析（MHD）患者肾性贫血的疗效与安全性。方法采用同期随机对照研究。结果治疗后血红蛋白（Hb）、红细胞压积（HCT）、血清铁蛋白（SF）、血清转铁蛋白饱和度（TSAT）两组均有升高,静脉组比口服组升高差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）,且上升速度快于口服组;静脉组不良反应少于口服组（P〈0.05）;治疗前后两组肝功能、C反应蛋白（CRP）等生化指标差异无统计学意义。结论静脉用蔗糖铁治疗MHD患者的肾性贫血安全有效。     

表面活性剂对蔗糖结晶MA、CV及CRI影响的研究

本文对制糖工业常用的几种表面活性剂在影响蔗糖结晶平均孔径(MA),变异系数(CV)及晶体规一性指数(CRI)方面作了系统的研究。参考国内外资料,我们自行设计按装了一套性能良好的实验室模拟煮糖装置,它充分满足试验要求。试验结果表明:在糖膏煮炼过程中,应该选用降粘和降表面张力作用强,受糖液性质影响小的非离子型表面活性剂,这不仅可降低废蜜纯度,缩短煮糖时间,而且可改善蔗糖晶体外形和均匀度,提高成品白砂糖的感观质量。     

剩余滴定法测定蔗糖八醋酸酯的含量

目的建立蔗糖八醋酸酯的含量测定方法。方法采用剩余滴定法，蔗糖八醋酸酯与NaOH反应后，用H2SO4滴定过量的NaOH。结果回收率为100．1％，RSD=0．2％。结论本法简便可行、重复性好，可用于蔗糖八醋酸酯的的质量控制。     

蔗糖铁联合促红细胞生成素治疗肾性贫血疗效观察

目的观察静脉铁和口服铁在治疗肾性贫血中的疗效和安全性。方法50例血液透析患者随机分为两组：静脉组给予静脉铁（蔗糖铁）100 mg/次,每周2次。口服组给予口服铁（硫酸亚铁）300 mg/天。观察治疗后4周、8周、12周血红蛋白（Hb）、红细胞压积（Hct）、铁蛋白（SF）和转铁蛋白饱和度（TSAT）等的变化,并观察治疗达标后促红细胞生成素（EPO）维持量及不良反应发生情况。结果静脉组较口服组Hb、Hct、SF、TSAT上升速度快,疗效肯定,不良反应发生率低,治疗达标后EPO维持量减少。结论口服铁治疗贫血效果差,不能达到纠正贫血的理想目标,且不良反应相对多,蔗糖铁治疗肾性贫血疗效肯定,不良反应发生率低,可作为血液透析患者的长期补铁方案。     

四逆散、逍遥散与四君子汤对慢性应激肝郁模型大鼠行为学影响的研究

[目的]探讨慢性应激大鼠模型的中医证候性质。[方法]SD雄性大鼠40只,用随机区组设计的方法分为对照组、模型组、四逆散组、逍遥散组和四君子汤组,观察大鼠体质量、血清皮质酮含量、1%蔗糖水摄取率和强迫游泳中不动时间。[结果]与对照组比较,模型组大鼠血清皮质酮含量升高(P<0.01),1%蔗糖水摄取率降低(P<0.05),强迫游泳中不动时间延长(P<0.01);与模型组比较,四逆散组、逍遥散组的血清皮质酮含量降低(P<0.05),1%蔗糖水摄取率升高(P<0.01),强迫游泳中不动时间缩短(P<0.05);各组大鼠体质量增加未见明显差异(P>0.05)。[结论]慢性应激大鼠模型属肝郁证与脾虚无关。     

Accumbens activity during a multiple schedule for water and sucrose reinforcement in rats

Electrophysiological recording procedures were used to examine nucleus accumbens (Acb) cell firing during operant responding for water reinforcement vs. a highly palatable sweet solution (0.6 M sucrose). Rats (n = 8) were trained on a multiple schedule to press one lever for water (fixed ratio 1, FR1; 15 min) followed by a 20-sec timeout period (chamber dark, levers retracted), and extension of a second spatially distinct lever that the animals pressed for sucrose reinforcement (FR1; 15 min). Of 84 cells, 55 neurons (65%) displayed one of three types of patterned discharges (increases or decreases in firing rate) immediately before or following the sucrose- or water-reinforced response. The major finding of this report was that the majority of these neurons (36/55 cells; 65%) showed similar types of neuronal firing patterns across the two reinforcer conditions. The remaining cells (19/55; 35%) exhibited patterned activity specific to responding for one reinforcer only (water or sucrose). These findings are discussed with respect to how Acb neurons encode goal-directed behaviors for "natural" reinforcers including food, water, and a palatable sweet solution.