科学课程结构化运动的时代解读

虽然科学课程的结构化运动已经过去多年 ,但对其认识仍然停留在现象表面和否定层面 ,缺乏深入、细致的考察与反思 ,这无疑影响了我们对这次运动思想资源的继承和宝贵经验的吸取。因此 ,有必要客观、全面地回顾结构主义科学课程流派的思想基础、理论主张 ,并从科学观、学习观、课程观等诸多视角对其进行深入剖析 ,藉此推动我国的科学课程理论建设和科学课程改革     

Subject allocation and study curtailment for fixed event comparative Poisson trials

Comparative Poisson trials of prophylactic interventions, such as vaccines, can be lengthy and costly. We evaluate two easily implemented approaches to reduce numbers of disease cases and person years of follow up (N(u+t)) for comparative Poisson trials with fixed numbers of cases (T); (i) altering k the portion of N(u+t) allocated to treatment and (ii) curtailed stopping before T cases if numbers of cases in the treatment or control group indicate that H(0) has already been rejected or will not be rejected at T cases. Normal and arcsine approximations as well as discrete exact tests are evaluated. For studies not stopped early, allocating about 1/(1+\sqrt r_a) of person years to treatment roughly minimizes T needed for given size and power (where r(a) is the alternative hypothesized relative disease incidence in treated subjects used to power the study). This reduces T moderately vs equal allocation (k=0.5) by 2-3 cases in our examples with exact tests. However, the common practice of allocating k=0.5 of the person years to treatment may be the overall best strategy to minimize N(u+t) for studies that are not stopped early. For studies analysed by exact test and planned with a one-sided alpha ranging from 0.005 to 0.025, beta from 0.1 to 0.2 and r(a) from 0.2 to 0.5, curtailed stopping reduces both the number of disease cases and N(u+t) by 6-40 per cent depending on true treatment benefit. With curtailed stopping, allocating k=0.5 person years to treatment approximately minimizes the numbers of cases and person years under most conditions, although k as large as 0.6 often performs comparably well. If a specific localized k is selected to minimize disease cases for a study analysed by exact test, the study may be underpowered should the final allocation deviate even slightly from that k when it is conducted.     

人才学分支学科研究（二）

人才是第一资源。实施人才强国战略，我们必须自始至终认真研究和解决人才和人才问题，加强对人才学的交叉性边缘性深度性研究，丰富和发展人才学学科体系。本文重点对人才学的新兴交叉分支学科进行了探讨，以供研究者管理者参考。     

Fasting and nonfasting blood ethanol concentrations following repeated oral administration of ethanol to one adult male subject

Whole capillary blood ethanol concentrations following the oral administration of a 30-ml dose of absolute alcohol (0.32 g/kg absolute alcohol) and 45-ml doses of 95% alcohol (0.45 g/kg absolute alcohol) under varying test meal conditions to an adult male volunteer were measured. Ten different test conditions were two fasting (30 ml and 45 ml), three liquid test meals (45 ml), and five solid test meals (45 ml). The terminal concentration-time data were simultaneously fitted to a modification of the integrated form of the Michaelis-Menten equation. The parametersV _m andK _m of the Michaelis-Menten equation obtained in this fitting were very close to the average values of these parameters following the constant-rate intravenous infusion of ethanol to six adult male volunteers in another study. The area under the concentration-time curves following the liquid and solid food test meals decreased with an increase in the size of the meal. The reduction in area caused by food was the result of two factors: (a) decrease in efficiency of absorption (average 55%) and (b) slowing of the absorption rate coupled with the operation of Michaelis-Menten elimination kinetics (average 45%).This work was supported by Grant No. 1R01AA00683-01A1 from the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism of the Alcohol, Drug Abuse, and Mental Health Administration, Rockville, Maryland.     

研究生学位论文选题对培养质量的贡献

1970年代，药物化学制进入了全新时代。在新的时代背景下，药物化学研究生学位论文选题对培养质量有重要贡献。产权性、开放性和创新性是制约论文选题的三个基本元素，在这三元素中，创新性原则具有第一位重要性。指导教师在协调考虑研究内容、技术路线和研究目标的创新性时，总是把选题看作所在学科特定发展空间的特定事件、看作所在领域特定发展时段的特定事件、看作所在研究组生命延续特定步骤的特定事件。在确定论文选题时，指导教师应完成包括以拟定的技术路线实施拟定的研究内容可以构成的数据组、数据组如何独立及相互呼应作为论据为研究目标服务、正常情况下可以构成的创新、创新可以达到的杂志的IF值等在内的思考。     

探索生命科学与技术学院本科生专业英语教学新思路

依托抗白血病药物大肠杆菌左旋门冬酰氨酶研究课题，初步建立适合生命科学与技术学院本科生的专业英语教学模式，探索适合生命学科发展的专业英语教学新思路。     

高等医学院校本科应用心理学专业培养方案的研究与实践

近年来开设应用心理学专业的高等医学院校越来越多,制定科学的专业培养方案是各有关高校亟待解决的问题,但目前尚无各单位认同的权威性的培养方案。本文根据齐齐哈尔医学院4年来本科应用心理学专业的办学实践和对国内外有关文献的研究,提出了高等医学院校本科应用心理学专业的培养方案,以供医学院校开办本科应用心理学专业参考。     

不同招募方式对针灸临床试验中受试者的影响与思考

受试者招募困难是所有临床试验研究中普遍存在的问题,现有的临床试验受试者招募多适用于药物临床试验。由于针灸临床试验干预措施与药物不同,具有"理、法、穴、术"的特殊性,因此制定适合于针灸临床试验的受试者招募策略很有必要。本文在分析常见临床试验招募方式及其利弊的基础上,对国内外针灸临床试验中所采用的招募方式进行了比较和分析。与药物不同,针灸属于操作性治疗手段,临床试验中更强调就近原则,可选择一种招募方式,也可以同时选择传统与现代多种招募方式相结合,以更好地提高针灸临床试验中招募的成功率及病人的依从性,为临床试验的顺利开展提供重要保障。