Buccal mucosal urethroplasty: a versatile technique for all urethral segments

OBJECTIVE: To present our experience with buccal mucosa urethroplasty for substitution of all segments of the anterior urethra, as the buccal mucosal graft (BMG) has emerged as the tissue of choice for single-stage reconstruction of bulbar urethral strictures, but its use for reconstructing meatal, pendulous and pan-urethral strictures has not been widely reported. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Between January 1998 and October 2003, 92 patients had a BMG substitution urethroplasty at our institution; 75 had a single-stage dorsal onlay BMG urethroplasty (bulbar 41, pendulous 16 and pan-urethral 18; six combined penile skin flap and BMG) and 17 (pendulous five, pan-urethral 10, bulbar two) a two-stage urethroplasty. Recurrence rates, complications and cosmetic outcomes were analysed retrospectively. RESULTS: Over a median (range) follow-up of 34 (8-72) months, 66 (88%) patients with a one-stage reconstruction (14/16 pendulous; 37/41, 90%, bulbar; 15/16 pan-urethral) remained stricture-free. The mean (range) time to recurrence was 9.4 (3-17) months. Of the nine recurrent strictures, six were managed by one-stage optical urethrotomy and three required a repeat urethroplasty. In patients who had a staged procedure, after a mean follow-up of 24.2 (9-56) months, one had complete graft loss, requiring re-grafting, five required stomal revision after stage 1, and only two (12%) developed a recurrent stricture after the two-stage urethroplasty. CONCLUSION: A one-stage dorsal onlay BMG urethroplasty provides excellent results for strictures involving any segment of the anterior urethra. The BMG appears to be the most versatile urethral substitute, as it can be successfully used for both one- and two-stage reconstruction of the entire anterior urethra.     

游离黏膜组织重建尿道治疗复杂性尿道狭窄的临床研究

目的 探讨利用游离黏膜一期尿道成形治疗复杂性尿道狭窄或闭锁的疗效。方法 2000年8月至2004年7月采用2种游离黏膜一期尿道成形术治疗73例复杂性尿道狭窄。术前42例已行耻骨上膀胱造瘘，余31例最大尿流率1．2～6．5ml／s。用游离结肠黏膜(n=22)重建尿道长10～18cm，平均13cm；用口腔黏膜(n=51)重建尿道长3～11cm，平均5cm。术后随访分别行逆行尿道造影及尿流率，部分患者行尿道镜检查。结果随访2～48个月，平均19个月。术后排尿通畅67例(91．8％)。发生再次狭窄4例，其中结肠黏膜重建者1例，口腔黏膜重建者3例；排尿欠畅2例，定期行尿道扩张；尿道皮肤瘘2例；结肠腹壁瘘1例。1例结肠黏膜重建尿道者术后47个月移植物活检示结肠黏膜的组织形态学基本无变化。结论口腔与结肠黏膜均可作为较理想的尿道替代物，口腔黏膜较适合狭窄段不长的尿道修复，结肠黏膜较适合复杂性超长段尿道狭窄或缺损的治疗。     

结核性输尿管狭窄4例报告并文献复习

为提高结结核性输尿管狭窄的诊断和治疗水平，分析了１９８６年７月￣１９９７年１月诊治的４例结核性输尿管狭窄的临床资料。４例中，输尿管下段狭窄３例，中段狭窄１例，疗程４￣３６个月。病理过程为病变部位狭窄及同侧肾积水，均经手术、病理检查明显诊断。手术方法根据病变的不同部位和肾功能情况采取不同术式，术后抗结核治疗效果良好。并结合文献对结核性输尿管狭窄的诊断和治疗进行了讨论。     

Spinal epidural abscess after cervical pharyngoesophageal dilation

BACKGROUND: Esophageal perforation is an uncommon but known complication of esophageal dilation. Abscess after esophageal tear is rare, especially in the spinal epidural space. This is one case report of such an abscess. METHODS: We present a case of a spinal epidural abscess after cervical pharyngoesophageal dilation. RESULTS: After surgical decompression and abscess drainage, long-term intravenous antibiotics, and physical therapy, the patient has regained some functional use of her left upper extremity. CONCLUSIONS: Early diagnosis with a gadolinium-enhanced MRI and aggressive surgical treatment are keys to successful management with a good functional outcome after this unfortunate complication.     

食管良性狭窄药物镁合金可降解支架研究现状及展望

支架在食管良性狭窄的治疗中发挥着越来越重要的作用。临床应用的支架主要为金属支架,可分为永久性支架和暂时性可回收支架。永久性金属支架长期植入易引起炎性增生、支架内再狭窄、穿孔、出血等并发症,暂时性可回收金属支架植入后1周内需取出,以避免食管瘢痕修复及支架内组织增生导致其取出困难、远期食管再狭窄复发率高。药物洗脱支架在心血管系统疾病的治疗中已处于临床使用阶段,消化道药物洗脱支架目前处于研制及动物实验阶段;镁合金可降解支架已经在心血管系统广泛应用。随着生物工程材料的发展,药物镁合金可降解支架已成为食管支架研究的热点和前沿。本文对药物镁合金可降解支架研发的现状和展望进行全面详细阐述,重点介绍支架工艺：支架成型,覆膜改性,载药处理。     

改良Snodgrass术治疗尿道下裂疗效观察

目的：评价尿道板纵切卷管尿道成形术（Snodgrass术）治疗尿道下裂的疗效。方法：回顾性分析2005年1月～2008年12月间31例行改良Snodgrass术的尿道下裂患者临床资料：患者年龄2～18岁,平均7．2岁,其中阴茎头型尿道下裂11例,阴茎体型尿道下裂18例,阴囊型尿道下裂2例。结果：一次手术治愈29例（93．55％）;1例（3．22％）发生尿道狭窄,经尿道扩张治愈;1例（3．22％）发生尿瘘．术后6个月再次行改良Snodgrass术治愈。结论：改良Snodgrass术保留了尿道板,操作简单,手术时间短,并发症较少。手术成形效果好,对于首次手术失败后再次尿道成形效果良好,是适用于各型尿道下裂治疗的较好方法。     

经尿道前列腺电切术后尿道狭窄的原因及防治

目的探讨经尿道前列腺电切术（transurethral resection of prostate,TURP）术后尿道狭窄的原因及防治方法。方法回顾性分析2002年2月-2008年2月945例TURP中21例（2.2%）尿道狭窄的临床资料。年龄62-84岁,平均72.4岁。尿道狭窄发生时间为术后3周-24个月。前尿道狭窄13例（61.9%）,后尿道狭窄5例（23.8%）,膀胱颈挛缩3例（14.3%）。结果单纯尿道扩张治愈13例（61.9%）,尿道口成形2例（9.5%）,尿道口成形联合尿道扩张2例（9.5%）,经尿道内切开1例（4.8%）,再次行膀胱颈电切3例（14.3%）。随访6-36个月,平均13个月,21例均治愈,无复发。开展手术初期（2002年2月-2005年8月）尿道狭窄发生率3.7%（18/483）,后期发生率0.6%（3/462）（χ^2=10.292,P=0.001）。结论术中操作不熟练,术后留置尿管时间短,是导致此并发症发生的原因。术后定期随访和早期治疗是治愈的关键。     

二次胆肠吻合术23例临床分析及对策

目的 探讨胆肠吻合术后二次胆肠吻合的原因、术式及手术相关并发症的特点,提出预防胆肠吻合术后严重并发症导致二次手术的对策。方法 回顾性分析浙江大学医学院附属第二医院肝胆胰外科2012年1月至2016年3月23例二次胆肠吻合术病例的临床资料,比较两次术前诊断、手术方式及术后并发症的临床特点。
结果 胆肠吻合术后二次胆肠吻合术前诊断主要有：吻合口狭窄14例（60.9%）,胆管结石13例（56.5%）,胆管炎10例（43.5%）;第二次胆肠吻合均采用胆管-空肠Roux-en-Y吻合,术后无围手术期死亡或需再次手术病例。结论 第二次胆肠吻合手术原因较多,术前严格把握手术指征,术中选用胆管-空肠Roux-en-Y吻合,可预防、减少或减轻胆肠吻合术后相关严重并发症,减少潜在的再次手术发生。     

输尿管镜下钬激光联合等离子电切在治疗外伤性尿道狭窄中的临床应用

目的探讨输尿管镜下钬激光联合等离子切割技术治疗外伤性尿道狭窄的临床效果。方法置输尿管镜至尿道狭窄处,在导丝引导下用钬激光切开狭窄处尿道,然后用等离子电切镜切除尿道狭窄部位瘢痕,留置导尿管3～4周。拔除导尿管后观察排尿情况,比较治疗前、后最大尿流率和残余尿量。结果术后患者排尿困难明显改善,最大尿流率上升至13～20m/s,残余尿量减少至0～25ml。结论输尿管镜下钬激光内切开联合等离子切除技术治疗尿道狭窄效果良好,值得临床推广应用。     

Treatment of Urethral Stricture Disease by Internal Urethrotomy,Dilation, or Stenting

Management of urethral strictures depends on the characteristics of each individual case and remains a great challenge in reconstructive urology. Treatment of anterior urethral strictures usually starts with minimally invasive procedures, such as urethral dilatation or internal urethrotomy. The popularity of these methods is based on the simple application, the low complication rate, and the fact that most general urologists do not perform open urethroplasty. These methods offer faster recovery, minimal scarring, and fewer infections, although recurrence is always possible. Success depends on adequate vascularity within the underlying spongiosal tissue, which may substantially increase the failure rate. Because the recurrence rate has remained higher than it was in past decades, various modifications of urethral stricture treatment have been suggested, including laser urethrotomy and urethral stents. Since the late 1980s, two different approaches have been studied to prevent scaring contraction: permanent stent versus temporary stents left indwelling for a limited time and then removed. Although the first reports seemed to promise excellent outcomes, longer follow-up began to cast doubt on the usefulness of urethral stenting as a primary treatment modality for urethral stricture disease. The purpose of our study was to evaluate the published literature with respect to any new information on minimally invasive procedures in the treatment of urethral strictures.Patient summaryThe optimal indications for dilatation or internal urethrotomy are simple bulbar strictures <2 cm without spongiofibrosis or history of previous treatment. Recurrent urethral strictures after repeated interventions are usually more complex and can render the definite open urethral surgery more difficult.