嗓音频谱分析中／a／,／i／音采样的比较

应用486微型计算机和北京邮电大学通用信号谱分析系统分别对30例青年女性喉病患者和36例健康对照组的/a/、/i/音嗓音信号进行频谱分析,比较其相对信噪比,结论是在频谱分析中用/a/音采样较/i/音更易检出病态嗓音.     

Directed sampling for electrolyte analysis and water content of micro-punch samples shows large differences between normal and ischemic rat brain cortex

Changes in sodium, potassium, and water content in brain tissue are important in the progression of pathology that follows ischemic stroke. Determining these parameters regionally in rodent models of experimental ischemia has been limited because typical tissue weights of more than 35 mg are too large. Identifying ischemic tissue to direct tissue sampling towards ischemic cortex is also represents a difficult generally unresolved area. We suggest that larger differences between normal and ischemic cortex of sodium, potassium, and water content than previously observed can be obtained from directed sampling of 2-mg brain tissue in a model of focal cerebral ischemia. In five rats, the middle cerebral artery and both common carotid arteries were occluded for 4.9+/-0.13 h (mean+/-SEM). Punch-sampling of 1-mm diameter tissue cores for water content (H(2)O%) by the wet-dry method, and [Na(+)] and [K(+)] by flame photometry, was guided by the observation of a subtle change in the surface reflectivity of ischemic cortex of quickly dried, 20-microm frozen brain sections, that was confirmed by MAP2 immunohistochemistry. The ratio of the lesion areas as determined by the reflective change and MAP2 immunoreactivity was 0.96+/-0.03 (n=5). In ischemic cortex H(2)O% was 79.9%+/-0.8%, [Na(+)] was 550+/-25 mEq/kg dry-weight, and [K(+)] 94.2+/-19.2 mEq/kg dry-weight (n=5), all significantly different from the values in border zone cortex, and in cortex contralateral to ischemic cortex and border zone (for all samples n=60, mean wet weight 2.037+/-0.046 mg). Differences between ischemic and normal cortex were 5.4+/-1.1%, 317+/-21 mEq/kg dry-weight, -304+/-27 mEq/kg dry-weight (n=5) for H(2)O%, [Na(+)], and [K(+)]. These differences between ischemic and normal cortex are 1.4-2.5, 1-3.11, and 1.4-3.5 times greater, respectively, than previous results obtained using samples weighing 35 mg or more. These results extend the association of sodium and potassium with ischemic brain edema in the rodent model, and show that these classical measurements can keep pace with the regionality of histochemical and morphological methods.     

影响大规模疫苗接种的社会经济因素分析

目的 了解影响成人疫苗接种率的有关社会经济影响因素。方法 选择广西河池市2个城镇，对5～60岁登记在册居民按有对照的组群随机抽样原则进行伤寒Vi疫苗和A群流脑疫苗的大规模接种；比较接种者的人口学和社会经济特征与接种率的关系。结果 应接种对象118071人，实际接种92476人，接种率为78．32％，其中伤寒Vi疫苗76．87％；流脑疫苗79．69％。城市接种率为77．29％，农村接种率为80．58％；5～9岁接种率最高，为89．65％；20～29岁组最低，仅为69．07％；男女接种率分别为79．07％和82．11％；高收入住户人群接种率最高达到90％左右；18～60岁人群中，按受教育程度分析以“小学毕业”人群接种率最高，为78．34％；按居住单元分析，学生的人群接种率最高，达92．01％，私营业主和退休人群接种率最低，分别为69．71％和68．82％；居住未满1年者的人群接种率最低．为62．5％．居住1～2年者接种率最高，为84．47％。结论 受教育程度、经济收入、居住年限以及城乡差别对接种率并无直接影响；流动性大、老年人是影响疫苗接种率的主要因素。     

中国乡级计划生育服务站技术服务提供及服务能力跨地区分析

目的根据2001年全国计划生育和生殖健康调查资料,对我国东、中、西部三大经济地区乡级计划生育服务站的技术服务提供及服务能力进行跨地区比较分析。方法全国抽样调查,采用分层、三阶段、概率比例抽样方法。对776个计划生育服务站和负责人采用观察与询问的方式进行问卷调查。结果全国农村样本点乡站放置和取出宫内节育器年均258.5例次,开展女性绝育术年均38.5例次,实施人工流产术年均29.6例次,三地区间差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。开展男性绝育术和皮下埋植术年均分别为10.4例次和2.5例次,三地区间差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);在样本点中,95%(737/776)的乡站有B超设备,其中B超服务用于宫内节育器检查和妇科疾病诊断的乡站比例分别为69.5%(509/737)和55.0%(405/737);提供常见妇科疾病诊治、产前检查、不育症诊治的比例分别为84.1%、76.8%和25.4%,提供性病诊治比例为19.5%;提供妊娠试验、血尿便常规检查和宫颈涂片的比例分别为91.4%、18.6%和9.8%。精液检查比例为3.5%;提供短效、长效和速效口服避孕药的比例分别为95.6%、89.7%和71.3%。提供紧急避孕药的比例为24.7%。提供避孕套的比例为97.8%;能提供咨询服务的乡站比例75.6%,设有“悄悄话”室乡站的比例为52.1%;提供术后和产后随访服务的比例分别为85.4%和38.3%。结论全国农村样本点乡站在提供计划生育手术服务、发放避孕药具,以及围绕着生育、节育和不育开展力所能及的生殖保健服务方面已经具备相当能力,但各地的技术服务提供和服务能力发展并不均衡,东、中、西部地区的差别明显。表明我国基层计划生育服务站改革已是一种必然趋势,改革的方向应遵照国家人口计生委关于服务站建设的总体发展格局对乡站进行优化和整合。只有改革才能加快乡站服务能力建设,才能提高服务水平,才能适应客观需求,才能让广大农村育龄群众得到满意的服务。     

对模拟多功能X线机的数字化升级

本文介绍通过更换百万像素CCD数字摄像机，产生LVDS标准的数字影像信号，被专业数字采集卡所采集后，用工作站进行图像的后处理形成真正的数字图像，来完成设备的数字化升级。     

Test Procedures for Disease Prevalence with Partially Validated Data

Investigating the prevalence of a disease is an important topic in medical studies. Such investigations are usually based on the classification results of a group of subjects according to whether they have the disease. To classify subjects, screening tests that are inexpensive and nonintrusive to the test subjects are frequently used to produce results in a timely manner. However, such screening tests may suffer from high levels of misclassification. Although it is often possible to design a gold-standard test or device that is not subject to misclassification, such devices are usually costly and time-consuming, and in some cases intrusive to the test subjects. As a compromise between these two approaches, it is possible to use data that are obtained by the method of double-sampling. In this article, we derive and investigate four test statistics for testing a hypothesis on disease prevalence with double-sampling data. The test statistics are implemented through both the asymptotic method suitable for large samples and approximate unconditional method suitable for small samples. Our simulation results show that the approximate unconditional method usually produces a more satisfactory empirical type I error rate and power than its asymptotic counterpart, especially for small to moderate sample sizes. The results also suggest that the score test and the Wald test based on an estimate of variance with parameters estimated under the null hypothesis outperform the others. An real example is used to illustrate the proposed methods.     

中国药品质量风险提示函机制态势分析

目的 为进一步完善中国药品抽检的质量风险提示函机制提供参考。方法 介绍中国药品质量风险提示函的情况和药品质量风险的新形势，借助SWOT方法分析提示函在新形势下的优势、劣势、机会和威胁，对提示函进行整体评价并提出完善建议。结果与结论 近年来，中国药品质量仍处于较高水平，安全形势总体平稳可控，但一般性风险仍然存在并具有不可消除性。提示函作为中国药监部门基于劝服优先的原则对一般性风险进行干预的行政措施，面临着诸多内部和外部的有利与不利因素，建议药品生产企业进一步加强提示函的利用，药检机构进一步提供技术支持，以及药监部门建立提示函的失效补救机制，对提示函进行不断加强和完善。     

Clinical application of Aconitum carmichaelii Debx. (Fu Zi in Chinese) by traditional Chinese medicine physicians--A cross-sectional questionnaire survey in Beijing

ObjectiveTo investigate clinical application of aconite root (Aconitum carmichaelii Debx.; hereinafter “aconite”) by traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) physicians in TCM hospitals in Beijing and explore the specific use of aconite and the effect of different doses on decoction time.MethodsThis was a cross-sectional study using two-stage sampling. Questionnaires were administered among TCM physicians from TCM hospitals in Beijing between September 2020 and August 2021. The questionnaire mainly included general demographics, clinical backgrounds of TCM physicians, and clinical application of aconite. The data analyses were performed using SPSS 20.0.ResultsA total of 387 questionnaires were collected, of which 385 were valid. Of the 385 participating TCM physicians, 331 (85.97%) used aconite in clinical practice. The top three medical diagnoses treated with aconite were heart failure, diarrhea without cause, and chronic gastritis. The TCM pattern treated most frequently with a high dose of aconite was spleen-kidney yang deficiency, and the TCM pattern treated most frequently with a low dose was spleen yang deficiency, while spleen-kidney yang deficiency was treated most frequently with a common dose of aconite. The top three common formulas were Sini decoction, Mahuang Xixin Fuzi decoction, and Zhenwu decoction. Hei Shun Pian was the most common herbal pieces of aconite. The highest frequency of the maximum dose of aconite was 15 g, that of the minimum dose was 3 g, and that of the common dose was 10 g. There was a certain correlation between decoction time and the dose of aconite. Most TCM physicians advised their patients to take medicine twice a day.ConclusionIn this study, we refined and quantified the use of aconite and enriched the exploration of the clinical application of aconite besides its provisions in the Pharmacopoeia of the People's Republic of China.