冲击式二级采样对呼吸粉尘与总粉尘浓度比值的影响

为了验证冲击式二级粉尘采样对呼吸性粉尘与总粉尘浓度比值的影响，作者采用瞬时定点采样方法测定作业场所空气中呼吸性粉尘浓度与总粉尘浓度。结果表明，在采样体积相同的条件下，呼吸性粉尘的比值与总粉尘浓度间具有较好的从属共变关系（ｒ＞０．８），呼吸性粉尘的比值随着总粉尘浓度的升高而相应增大     

Sources of unwanted variability in measurement and description of skin surface topography

Background/aims: Quantitative measurement of skin roughness has proved to be a valuable tool in the efficacy-control of external applications, but it suffers from not yielding easily comparable results. The most important sources of inter-observer variability are high-pass filters used to separate roughness and waviness, and low-pass filters which result from the finite resolution of the instrument or from the finite sampling interval of digital measurement. In the present study, the effects of high-pass filters and sampling intervals on the roughness measured were investigated. Methods: Dynamically focusing optical profilometry was used to measure the surfaces of negative replicas of healthy human skin. High-pass cut-off wavelengths and sampling intervals were varied systematically. Results/conclusions: Virtually unbiased estimates for the roughness parameters K, Sk, R_q, and R_a can be obtained using sampling intervals of 40 or even 80 μm. Regarding these roughness parameters, it is far better to do more scans than to shorten the sampling interval. The roughness parameters R_z, R_p, R_t, R_pm, R_max, P_t, on the other hand are very sensitive to the influence of the sampling interval; to achieve satisfying estimates, the sampling interval should be no longer than 2 to 5 urn; as an important parameter’of the measurement, it is worthy of remark and should always be indicated. The way the mean square roughness R_q depends on the cut-off wavelength is not well described by the Sayles-Thomas-relation R_q～λ_c^0.5. If the power-spectrum |h*(v)|² approximates sufficiently to a power law, |h*(v)|²～v^δ, a better estimate is given by R_q～λ_c^γ with γ=-(δ+1)/2. In many cases, γ=1 or R_q～λ_c will suffice.     

大鼠心脏穿刺采血方法的改进

目的:介绍一种大鼠活体重复采血方法。方法:大鼠腹腔麻醉后,仰卧位沿剑突下斜行向上刺入2.5~3.0cm入心,抽血。60只大鼠,每间隔10天采血2.0ml,共4次。测定其Hb、RBC、WBC、Hct、ALT、AST、TP、BUN等指标,同时心脏切片行病理学检查。结果:采用本法进行大鼠心脏取血,成功率97.8%。各次标本的实验室指标均无显著性差异(P>0.05)。20只大鼠第4次采血后剖胸,未见胸腔脏器出血、粘连、血肿等并发症。心脏切片未见心肌组织学损伤。结论:该技术操作简便,定位准确,可重复采血,动物存活率高。尤其用于自身对照,可减少动物用量,提高实验准确性。     

Variability of house-dust-mite allergen levels within carpets

Sensitization and exposure to house-dust-mite allergens is an important cause of asthma. Standardized, reliable, and reproducible methods for measuring exposure are essential for the assessment of the relationship between exposure, sensitization, and asthma. This study investigated the variability of the house-dust-mite allergen Der p 1 concentration in reservoir dust collected within whole carpets in living rooms and bedrooms. The carpets of nine bedrooms and 11 living rooms were sampled. Each room was divided into 1 m² areas measured from wall to wall where the carpet was accessible. Reservoir dust samples were collected by vacuuming each 1 m² area for 2 min. Der p 1 was assayed by a two-site monoclonal-antibody-based immunometric ELISA. Der p 1 was detectable in the carpets of nine bedrooms and six of the 11 living rooms. Within these 15 rooms, there was a wide range of Der p 1 levels. The smallest range of allergen within single room was 0.9 μg Der p 1/g dust (0.2 and 1.1 ng/g; 5.5-fold difference), and the largest was 149.2 μg Der p 1/g dust (0.8 and 150 μg/g; 192-fold difference). The mean range of allergen levels in the living rooms was 11.5 jig Der p 1/g of dust, and the mean coefficient of variation of these rooms was 80.2%. illustrating the huge variation of mite allergen levels within each room. The variation within bedrooms was also large, with a mean coefficient of variation value of 88.7%. The coefficient of variation was significantly lower around soft furnishings or beds (57%) than in the rest the room (89.3%), with the mean difference being 32% (95% CI 27ndash;63%; P=0.04). In conclusion, this study has shown that there is a great variation of Der p 1 levels between areas within a room. No consistent pattern of distribution of mite allergen within a room was found. Der p 1 levels in areas around soft furnishings and beds varied less than the levels in the rest of room.     

Dustborne and airborne fungal propagules represent a different spectrum of fungi with differing relations to home characteristics

BACKGROUND: Exposure to fungi is often assessed by culturing floor dust or air samples. Our objective was to evaluate the relationships between dustborne and airborne fungi and to identify factors that modify these relationships. METHODS: From November 1994 to September 1996 sequential duplicate 45-l air samples were collected in bedrooms of 496 homes in the Boston area, using a Burkard culture plate sampler. After air sampling, bedroom floors were sampled with a vacuum cleaner that was modified to collect dust in a cellulose extraction thimble. Dust was sieved, and the fine dust was dilution-plated onto DG-18 media. RESULTS: Concentrations of total culturable fungi per gram of bedroom-floor dust were correlated weakly, but significantly, with those of indoor air (r = 0.13, P < 0.05). Concentrations of some individual taxa in the dust and indoor air were also weakly associated. Adjusting for the concentrations of fungi in outdoor air, dustborne fungal concentrations were positively associated with those in indoor air for the taxa Cladosporium and Penicillium, but not for total fungi. The indoor air fungal levels were often predicted by different covariates to those predicting fungal levels in dust. The type of housing (house or apartment) and the presence of carpeting were often predictive factors for dust fungi. In contrast, outdoor fungal levels were often predictive of the indoor air fungal levels. CONCLUSIONS: Because our data do not indicate a strong overall relationship between culturable fungi in dust and indoor air, the results from these two methods (dust and air sampling) likely represent different types of potential fungal exposures to residents. It may be essential to collect both air and dust samples, as well as information on housing characteristics, as indicators for fungal exposure.     

基于稀疏表示变量选择方法的影像遗传学数据分析

目的:采用影像遗传学研究方法探索精神分裂症的影像遗传学特征。方法:在传统稀疏回归模型的基础上，改进 了其在不同范数条件下进行变量选择的能力，形成一种基于稀疏表示变量选择算法，并将该算法应用于208 个受试者的 41 236个功能磁共振成像数据和722 177个单核苷酸多态性数据的综合分析。通过对两类数据施加不同的权重因子，并 使用不同的Lp （p=0、0.5、1）范数分别对模型进行求解，筛选出两类数据在不同条件下的显著特征。结果:基因DAOA和 HTR2A在3种范数下均被筛选出。此外，在影像学数据方面，发现中央前回、枕上回、顶下缘角回、角回、内侧和旁扣带脑 回、后扣带回脑区与精神分裂症相关，此发现与先前精神分裂症的临床医学研究结果一致。结论:基于稀疏表示变量选择 方法应用于影像遗传学数据分析是一个有效可行的途径，为今后精神分裂症的影像遗传学研究提供了一种新的研究 思路。     

2018年四川省成人糖尿病流行现状及其影响因素分析

目的 了解四川省成人常住居民糖尿病患病情况及其影响因素,为有效预防糖尿病,降低发病风险提供科学的依据。方法 2018年采用多阶段分层整群随机抽样的方法,抽取四川省18岁及以上常住居民进行身体测量、问卷调查、实验室检测。采用SAS 9.4分析四川省成人糖尿病流行情况和患病影响因素。结果 2018年四川省成人糖尿病患病率12.94%,其中男性患病率为13.09%,女性患病率为12.79%,差异无统计学意义(χ²=3.964,P=0.460); 年龄增长(与18～44岁组相比,75岁及以上OR=6.070,95%CI:3.792～9.716)、职业(与农业生产人员相比,离退休人员OR=1.781,95%CI:1.277～2.484)、锻炼频率(与每周0次相比,每周1～3次OR=0.439,95%CI:0.281～0.686)、血脂异常(OR=2.069,95%CI:1.693～2.528)、中心性肥胖(OR=1.938,95%CI:1.619～2.320)、高血压(OR=2.031,95%CI:1.583～2.606)、糖尿病家族史(OR=2.825,95%CI:1.658～4.813)是糖尿病患病的影响因素。结论 四川省糖尿病患病率处于较高水平,每周锻炼1～3次是预防糖尿病的保护因素,年龄增加、离退休人员、血脂异常、中心性肥胖、高血压、糖尿病家族史是糖尿病患病的危险因素,应进一步开展针对性的预防干预措施。     

福建省城乡人群恒牙龋病流行病学抽样调查报告

目的：了解福建省居民口腔健康状况及流行趋势,为今后进行口腔健康教育、开展口腔保健项目提供依据。方法：采用多阶段、分层、整群随机抽样的方法对福州市、泉州市、南平市的5,12,15,18,35－44及65－74岁年龄组的城乡人群12792人（男女各半）进行口腔检查。结果：随着年龄的增大,龋均、患龋率、充填率呈上升趋势（P＜0．01）。35－44岁、65－74岁年龄组龋均、患龋率城市高于农村（P＜0．01）,其他年龄组城乡之间差别无显著性（P＞0．05）。各年龄组充填率城市均高于农村（P＜0．01）。福建省城乡居民的恒牙患龋率、龋均高于全国平均水平。结论：应从小进行口腔健康教育,增强口腔健康意识,加大实施口腔预防保健措施的力度。     

关于中药新药用饮片取样法的探讨

从药材及饮片（植物药）的包件取样、包件内取样及试验样品制备等方面对《中国药典》（Chinese Pharmacopoeia,ChP）、《欧洲药典》（European Pharmacopoeia,EP）、《英国药典》（British Pharmacopoeia,BP）及《美国药典》（United States Pharmacopoeia,USP）进行对比,结合新药用饮片检验的要求,就中药新药用饮片取样法存在的问题进行探讨,并提出以下建议：（1）相关部门组织专家起草中药新药用饮片取样的指导原则或技术要求。（2）暂时参照EP、BP的取样法对中药新药用饮片进行研究,并关注饮片取样对检验结果的影响。（3）根据试验样品的特点研究确定其处理方法。如饮片的不同药用部位或位置的质量差异大,可采用分层抽样的方法,减少取样误差。（4）加强药材的源头管理,减少药材质量差异。（5）在新药用饮片的生产过程中采用混合步骤提高同批饮片的同质性。（6）在ChP“中药材及饮片取样办法”中增加：待检批次饮片应具有较好的同质性;有些样品或试验需要采用更严格的取样方法,包括更多取样包件数或包件内取样量;此外,可对包件内抽取的位...