Influence of Hypertension, Lipometabolism Disorders, Obesity and Other Lifestyles on Spontaneous Intracerebral Hemorrhage

Objective To investigate whether hypertension, abnormal lipometabolism, obesity, cigarette smoking and alcohol drinking affect the intracerebral hemorrhagic volumes (IHV) in patients with spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage (SIHP), and to explore the roles of these factors in spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage (SIH). Methods Five hundred patients with acute SIH and 200 healthy adult volunteers (HAV) were enrolled in a study of independently randomized controlled design, in which the levels of systolic pressure (SP) and diastolic pressure (DP), and total cholesterol (TCH), triacylglycerols (triglycerides, TG), high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-CH), low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-CH) in serum as well as the level of erythrocytic membrane cholesterol (EM-CH) were measured, and the body mass index (BMI), daily cigarette smoking consumption (DCSC) and daily pure alcohol consumption (DPAC) were calculated. Results Compared with the average parameters in the HAV group, those of SP, DP, TG,     

Assault,PTSD, Family Substance Use,and Depression as Risk Factors for Cigarette Use in Youth: Findings from the National Survey of Adolescents

A national household probability sample of 4,023 adolescents aged 12 to 17 years was surveyed by telephone via structured clinical interview to determine the impact of familial substance use, sexual and physical assault, witnessed violence, depression and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) on risk of smoking. Results indicated that familial substance use increased risk of smoking only for boys and sexual assault or depression increased risk of smoking only for girls. Age, Caucasian ethnicity, and experiencing physical assault or witnessing violence elevated risk of current cigarette use for both genders. By contrast, PTSD per se was not associated with increased risk of smoking, after the effects of other variables were controlled.     

Cigarette tar yield and risk of upper digestive tract cancers: case-control studies from Italy and Switzerland.

BACKGROUND: Tobacco smoking is one of the main risk factors for oral, pharyngeal and oesophageal cancers in developed countries. Information on the role of the tar yield of cigarettes in upper digestive tract carcinogenesis is sparse and needs to be updated because the tar yield of cigarettes has steadily decreased over the last few decades. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We analysed two case-control studies, from Italy and Switzerland, conducted between 1992 and 1999, involving 749 cases of oral and pharyngeal cancer and 1770 controls, and 395 cases of squamous-cell oesophageal carcinoma and 1066 matched controls. Odds ratios (ORs) were estimated by unconditional multiple logistic regression models, including terms for age, sex, study centre, education and alcohol consumption. RESULTS: Based on the brand of cigarettes smoked for the longest time, the multivariate ORs for current smokers compared with never smokers were 6.1 for <20 mg and 9.8 for >or=20 mg tar for oral and pharyngeal neoplasms, and 4.8 and 5.4 for oesophageal cancer, respectively. For the cigarette brand smoked in the previous six months, the ORs for >or=10 mg compared with <10 mg were 1.9 for cancer of the oral cavity and pharynx and 1.8 for oesophageal cancer, after allowance for number of cigarettes and duration of smoking. CONCLUSIONS: The present study confirms the direct relationship between the tar yield of cigarettes and upper digestive tract neoplasms, and provides innovative information on lower tar cigarettes, which imply reduced risks compared with higher tar ones. However, significant excess risks were observed even in the lower tar category, thus giving unequivocal indications for stopping smoking as a priority for prevention of upper digestive tract neoplasms.     

An Investigation of Adolescents' Substance Use Behaviors, Depressed Affect, and Suicidal Behaviors

Data from a four-wave panel design of 975 adolescents were used to study inter-relationships among suicidal behaviors, depressive symptoms, and substance use behaviors. Persistently high levels of problem drinking and depressive symptoms were associated with higher levels of suicidal thoughts and attempts. Higher levels of depressive symptoms and greater cigarette and illicit drug use distinguished suicidal ideators from attempters. Adolescents attempting suicide reported lower levels of family social support, a greater use of substances to cope with stressors, and a higher density of substance-using peers. Implications of the findings for preventive interventions with high-risk teens are discussed.     

Interactions between maternal smoking and other prenatal risk factors for sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS)

Abstract In numerous investigations, maternal smoking increases the risk of sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS). In the present study we investigated whether prenatal risk factors for SIDS modify the effect of maternal smoking on SIDS mortality. We analysed data from a population-based cohort study (222 cases, 260,604 infants at risk) within the Westphalian Perinatal Inquiry in Germany between 1990 and 1994. In the stratified analysis, smoking was classified into non-smoking, moderate (1–10 cigarettes/d) and heavy smoking (> 10 cigarettes/d). Multiplicative interactions between smoking and other prenatal risk factors were assessed in a logistic regression model. The relative risk (RR) for maternal smoking was 2.4 (95% confidence interval 1.7-5.4) for moderate and 7.2 (5.3, 9.7) for heavy smokers. Previous established risk factors for SIDS, such as preterm birth, low birthweight, and number of prenatal visits did not increase the risk of SIDS among non-smokers, but became important risk factors among smokers. In preterm infants (< 37 weeks) of heavy smokers, the RR was 19.6 (10.4, 36.8) compared to term infants of non-smokers. Low birthweight infants (< 2500 g) of heavy smokers had a RR of 16.3 (8.4, 31.2) compared to normal weighted infants of non-smokers. Adjustment for occupational status did not change the crude estimates. The RR of < 6 prenatal visits in the heavy smoking subgroup was 14.8 (7.2, 29.6) compared to > 9 prenatal visits in the nonsmoking strata. Heavy smoking potentiates other prenatal risk factors for SIDS suggesting an increased susceptibility towards the adverse effects of tobacco smoke in utero. In infants born to non-smoking mothers, prenatal risk factors are absent and postnatal factors may be of major importance.     

A case-control study of cytochrome P450 1A1, glutathione S-transferase M1, cigarette smoking and lung cancer susceptibility (Massachusetts, United States)

Cytochrome P450 1A1 (CYP1A1) and glutathione S-transferase M1 (GSTM1)genetic polymorphisms are involved in the activation and detoxification ofchemical carcinogens found in tobacco smoke; thus they may influence hostsusceptibility to lung cancer. In this study at Massachusetts GeneralHospital (Boston, MA, USA) of 416 cases and 446 controls (mostly White) weevaluated the association between the CYP1A1 MspI and GSTM1 polymorphisms andlung cancer risk, and their interaction with cigarette smoke. The CYP1A1 MspIheterozygous genotype was present in 18 percent of cases and 16 percent ofcontrols, and one percent of cases and controls were CYP1A1 MspI homozygousvariant. The GSTM1 null genotype was detected in 54 percent of cases and 52percent of controls. After adjusting for age, gender, pack-years of smoking,and years since quitting smoking, while neither the CYP1A1 MspI heterozygousgenotype alone nor the GSTM1 null genotype alone were associated with asignificant increas e in lung cancer risk, having both genetic traits wasassociated with a twofold increase in risk (95 percent confidence interval[CI] = 1.0-3.4). Our data did not provide enough evidence for a substantialmodification of the effect of pack-years on lung cancer risk by the CYP1A1MspI and GSTM1 genotypes. However, limitations of our study preclude aconclusion about this potential interaction.     

Tobacco, alcohol use, and risks of laryngeal and lung cancer by subsite and histologic type in Turkey

Effects of tobacco smoking and alcohol use on risks of cancers of thelarynx and lung have been evaluated extensively in industrialized countries.Few studies on the effect of these risk factors have been reported fromdeveloping countries. We conducted a case-control study to evaluate risks oflaryngeal and lung cancers in men by subsite and cell type in relation tosmoking and alcohol drinking in Turkey, a country where smoking and alcoholconsumption patterns are different from those in industrialized countries. Weidentified 832 laryngeal and 1,210 lung cancer cases and 829 controls withinformation on smoking and alcohol use (amount and duration) and histologiccell type from an oncology treatment center of a Social Security Agencyhospital in Istanbul, Turkey, admitted between 1979 and 1984. Both laryngealand lung cancer showed significant associations with smoking and alcoholdrinking, but no monotonic dose-response was obtained for alcohol drinking.Among smokers, the highest risks were observed in the supraglottis region ofthe larynx (odds ratio [OR] = 4.1) after adjustment for age and alcohol use.Among alcohol drinkers, the highest risks were observed in the glottis regionof the larynx (OR = 1.7) after adjustment for age and smoking. In theanalysis by the cell type of lung cancer among ever-smokers, small cell typeshowed the highest risk (OR = 5.4), while it showed no association withalcohol drinking. Cumulative cigarette use (pack-years) and number ofcigarettes per day showed stronger associations than years smoked for bothcancer sites. The relative risks of joint exposure to smoking and alcoholwere 12.2 for laryngeal cancer and 14.1 for lung cancer among heavy smokersand heavy alcohol drinkers. This study provides epidemiologic evidence fromTurkey that smoking and alcohol use are associated with risks of cancers ofthe larynx and lung.     

广州市社区居民吸烟现状分析

[目的]了解广州市社区居民的吸烟状况,为制定控制吸烟的相应措施提供依据.[方法]在2004年,采用随机抽样入户问卷调查方式,调查广州市越秀区洪桥街和东风街20～60岁居民1006名.[结果]人群吸烟率为28.4%,男性吸烟率为52.2%,女性为6.5%;61.9%吸烟者在20岁以前开始吸烟;吸烟率随年龄增长而增高;文化程度低者吸烟率较高;运输业人员吸烟率最高;大部分吸烟者通常在家里、工作场所或娱乐场所吸烟;受访者对吸烟可能引起的呼吸系统以外的疾病认知不足;大多数认为从公共传媒获得吸烟危害健康的知识.[结论]吸烟仍是一个严重的公共卫生问题,须加强宣传教育,动员全社会力量,控制吸烟,以减少烟草对健康的危害.     

被动吸烟与儿童哮喘关系的病例对照研究

【目的】探讨被动吸烟与儿童哮喘的关系。【方法】应用1：1配对的病例对照研究方法，调查和分析儿童及其母亲在孕期被动吸烟情况与儿童哮喘的关系。【结果】131对对照病例，经条件Logistic回归分析，父亲吸烟、吸烟年限、吸烟量与子女的哮喘有关，并随着吸烟年限及吸烟量的增加，子女哮喘的危险性增加，父亲既吸烟又饮酒增加儿童哮喘的危险性。在母亲孕期父亲是否在孕妇面前吸烟，都会增加子女哮喘的危险性，且随着吸烟频度及吸烟量的增加，子女哮喘的危险性也增加。提示孕妇及儿童暴露于香烟烟雾环境，都会增加儿童哮喘的危险性。【结论】向父母宣传被动吸烟对哮喘儿童的危害性，争取家庭合作，控制被动吸烟对预防儿童哮喘意义重大。     

贵州省织金县吸毒人群HIV感染者感染状态暴露情况调查

目的 描述贵州省织金县人类免疫缺陷病毒(human immunodeficiency virus，HIV)阳性吸毒者将自己感染状态暴露给其他人的比例和原因。方法 通过深入访谈的方式搜集40名来自社区和戒毒所知晓自己HIV阳性的吸毒者的定量和定性资料。结果 85％(34／40)的研究对象将自己的感染状态暴露给家庭成员，其中24人(60％)为自愿暴露，10人(25％)为未经同意的暴露，暴露的主要原因是希望得到家人情感上和物质上的支持。在获知自己感染HIV后，16人有吸毒的固定性伴，均把自己的感染状态暴露给了这些固定性伴；另外4人有不吸毒固定性伴，其中2人未将感染状态暴露给这些固定性伴。75％(30／40)的研究对象把自己感染HIV的状态暴露给吸毒的朋友，暴露的主要原因是“劳教所不接收HIV感染者，害怕被劳教”、“吸毒者中感染的人也很普遍”。而仅有12．5％(5／40)的研究对象将感染状态暴露给其他亲戚或不吸毒的朋友。结论 大多数HIV感染的吸毒者愿意把自己的感染状态暴露给家庭成员和吸毒的朋友或固定性伴，这有利于HIV感染者得到来自家庭的关怀和医疗照顾，也有利于HIV阴性吸毒者了解吸毒同伴的感染状态。