Serial Measurement of Arterial Lactate Concentrations as a Prognostic Indicator in Relation to the Incidence of Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation in Patients with Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome

To demonstrate the prognostic value of measuring blood lactate concentrations and to investigate the mechanisms of lactate production in patients with systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS), we conducted a prospective cohort study. Among 22 patients with SIRS, there were 9 survivors and 13 nonsurvivors. Serial arterial lactate concentrations were measured on the day of admission to the intensive care unit (day 0), then on days 1–4. The subjects of this study consisted of 14 patients with SIRS, 6 with severe sepsis, and 2 with septic shock. On admission, the lactate concentrations did not differ between the two groups, but remained high in the nonsurvivors throughout the study period, while they progressively decreased in the survivors. The incidence of disseminated intravas-cular coagulation (DIC) was significantly higher in the nonsurvivors than in the survivors. The nonsurvivors had persistently higher DIC scores and lower platelet counts than the survivors. The changes in lactate concentration over time were statistically different between the patients with DIC and those without DIC. The findings of this study clearly demonstrated that serial arterial lactate measurements can predict a poor outcome in patients with SIRS, severe sepsis, or septic shock. DIC might play an important role in the pathogenesis of lactate production in these newly defined critically ill patients. Received: March 1, 2000 / Accepted March 6, 2001     

A patient with Shiga toxin-associated hemolytic uremic syndrome who developed hyperkalemia in the recovery period

We report an 11-year-old girl who presented with episodes of hyperkalemia during the period of recovery, from hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS) induced by Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli. She developed moderate azotemia but continued to pass urine. However, hyperkalemia was observed on days 11 and 25 of clinical course, although hemolysis and renal insufficiency had recovered by that time. Nafamostat mesilate (NM), continuously infused to relieve thrombotic microangiopathy, may have elevated serum potassium level by decreasing urinary potassium excretion. However, a direct effect of Shiga toxin on distal nephron segments was also suggested. Hyperkalemia should be considered in patients with Shiga toxin-associated HUS, not only in the acute phase but also in the recovery period. Received: May 31, 2000 / Accepted: October 10, 2000     

重组生长激素促短肠大鼠结肠代偿机制的探讨

目的　探讨重组生长激素促短肠大鼠结肠代偿的作用机制。方法　将短肠大鼠分成肠内营养（EN）和肠内营养+重组生长激素（EG）两组。结果　自术后第15天起,EG组体重的减轻明显低于EN组(P＜0.05),术后第21天起体重已大于术前;EG组氮平衡的改善明显好于EN组;血浆蛋白水平也高于EN组(P＜0.05);EG组结肠壁胰岛素样生长因子1(IGF-1)mRNA含量比EN组明显升高〔(1291±43）vs.（1026±42）,P＜0.05〕,IGF-1受体mRNA含量明显降低〔(899±5）vs.（1113±7）,P＜0.05〕;EG组的血IGF-1水平明显高于EN组〔(455±107）ng/mlvs．（329±68）ng/ml,P＜0.05〕,GH水平也显著升高〔(9.7±3.3）ng/mlvs.（5.8±2.4）ng/ml,P＜0.05〕。结论　重组生长激素可促使短肠大鼠IGF-1和结肠壁IGF-1mRNA的合成及残留肠道对营养物质吸收。     

胸廓出口综合征手术治疗中对前中小斜角肌的处理

目的随访35例胸廓出口综合征手术治疗的疗效。方法手术治疗35例37侧胸廓出口综合征患者,其中上干型5例,下干型28例30侧,全臂丛型2例。X线片示颈肋1例,第七颈椎横突过长3例。手术切除增长的骨组织和颈肋,术中发现35例均有纤维束带压迫臂丛神经,均作前、中、小前斜角肌切断术。术后随访1年～3年6个月。结果术后症状明显改善26例27侧,部分改善5例6侧,无效4例。结论斜角肌是引起臂丛神经血管受压征的主要因素,手术探查时应常规切断前、中斜角肌及小斜角肌。     

重症急性胰腺炎并发ALI/ARDS24例临床分析

目的：探讨重症急性胰腺炎并发急性肺损伤（ALI）／急性呼吸窘迫综合征（APDS）的证断与治疗。方法：回顾性分析本院1997年1月至2000年12月收治的28例重症急性胰腺炎中并发的24例ALI／ARDS患者。结果：重症急性胰腺并发ALI／ARDS的发病率高达85．7％,20例为ALI,4例为ARDS,均治愈。结论：在重症急性胰腺炎的急性反应期,应反复测定血气分析,不应拘泥于动脉氧分压数值,当氧合指数（PaO2/FiO2）≤300mmHg,可早期证断出ALI,经积极处理,可避免向ARDS转化。     

The use of spectral measures of heart rate variability to differentiate between male snorers and patients with sleep apnoea syndrome

Snoring is a characteristic feature of habitual snorers and patients with sleep apnoea syndrome. However, unlike snorers, sleep apnoea patients have an increased peri-operative morbidity. Presently available methods to differentiate between these two groups are either expensive, invasive or time consuming. As cardiac reflexes are impaired in sleep apnoea syndrome, we tested whether heart rate variability could discriminate between snorers and patients with sleep apnoea syndrome. Heart rate variability measurement detects cardiac autonomic dysfunction non-invasively in an ambulatory setting. We studied 32 male patients undergoing polysomnography for suspected sleep apnoea. Total, low- and high-frequency power were measured using a Holter electrocardiogram. Differences in night- and daytime variability were then calculated. Differences between day and night values were more pronounced in the sleep apnoea group and related to the apnoea-hypopnoea-index and low oxygen saturation. Higher values in sleep apnoea patients resulted from increasing variability at night. Heart rate variability might thus help to differentiate between snorers and patients with severe sleep apnoea syndrome.     

腹腔镜辅助胆道造影在幼婴延迟性黄疸诊断中的价值

目的探讨腹腔镜辅助胆道造影在幼婴延迟性黄疸诊断中的价值。方法首先脐部置镜观察胆囊及肝脏情况,如果胆囊大小正常或基本正常,通过右肋缘下trocar孔拖出胆囊底部,部分患儿需游离胆囊系膜。切开胆囊,插管行胆道造影。如果胆囊呈纤维闭锁状态,不能拖出腹腔外,中转开腹。切开胆囊插管失败,放弃造影。结果12例患儿直接从拖出胆囊行胆道造影显示婴儿肝炎综合征或胆汁淤积8例;2例显示为胆管发育不良;2例为肝内胆管闭锁。5例从肝脏游离胆囊系膜后拖出造影,2例显示为胆管发育不良,3例提示胆道闭锁。其余21例患儿胆囊呈条索状,不同程度肝硬化,放弃胆道造影,诊断为胆道闭锁。所有胆道闭锁患儿均行Kasai手术。结论腹腔镜探查、胆道造影是诊断胆道闭锁、鉴别幼婴延迟性黄疸简便、准确、安全的方法,能够显示整个胆树的解剖结构,避免过大或不必要的创伤。     

Adverse trends in male reproductive health: we may have reached a crucial 'tipping point'

Healthy men produce an enormous number of sperms, far more than necessary for conception. However, several studies suggest that semen samples where the concentration of sperms is below 40 mill/mL may be associated with longer time to pregnancy or even subfertility, and specimens where the concentration of sperms is below 15 mill/mL may carry a high risk of infertility. Historic data from the 1940s show that the bulk of young men at that time had sperm counts far above 40 mill/mL with averages higher than 100 mill/mL. However, recent surveillance studies of young men from the general populations of young men in Northern Europe show that semen quality is much poorer. In Denmark approximately 40 percent of the men have now sperm counts below 40 mill/mL. A simulation assuming that average sperm count had declined from 100 mill/mL in 'old times' to a current level close to 40 mill/mL indicated that the first decline in average sperm number of 20-40 mill/mL might not have had much effect on pregnancy rates, as the majority of men would still have had counts far above the threshold value. However, due to the assumed decline in semen quality, the sperm counts of the majority of 20 year old European men are now so low that we may be close to the crucial tipping point of 40 mill/mL spermatozoa. Consequently, we must face the possibility of more infertile couples and lower fertility rates in the future.     

对多器官功能障碍综合征肠源性机制的新认识

纵观当前对创（烧）伤后多器官功能障碍综合征（MODS）肠源性发病机制的研究，其发生发展可分为3个环节：（1）严重创伤后肠道缺血再灌注损伤，致肠道屏障功能受损发生MODS。（2）损伤肠道产生的肠源性毒性因子、肠道内细菌和内毒素通过血液循环及肠道淋巴途径，引起全身炎性反应综合征。（3）失控性炎性反应导致不可逆器官功能障碍，此环节是MODS发病机制中的最终环节[第一段]     

乌司他丁对原位肝移植时的急性肺损伤的保护作用

目的探讨乌司他丁对原位肝移植时的急性肺损伤（ALI）的保护作用。方法将20例肝移植患者随机分为2组：（1）乌司他丁组（n=10）于皮肤切开后静脉持续滴注乌司他丁30×10^4IU,以后每隔4h重复使用;（2）对照组（n=10）于相应时间滴注等体积生理盐水。所有患者均在非静脉转流下行经典原位肝移植术,分别于麻醉后手术开始前（T41）、无肝前期120min（T1）、无肝期30min（T2）、新肝期5min（T3）、新肝期60min（T4）和手术完毕（T5）时抽取静脉血,应用放射免疫分析法测定血浆白细胞介素6（IL-6）、白细胞介素8（IL-8）及肿瘤坏死因子α（TNF-α）的浓度,应用硫代巴比妥酸比色法测定血浆丙二醛（MDA）浓度,应用黄嘌呤氧化酶法测定超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）活性。除T1外,其余时间点取动脉血作血气分析,计算呼吸指数（RI）。结果对照组T3、T4、T5时的RI值均较R时升高（P〈0．01）,乌司他丁组仅T3时的RI值高于T0时（P〈0．05）。乌司他丁组T4、T5时的RI值明显低于对照组（P〈0．05）。两组T2、T3、T4、T5时的IL-6和IL-8浓度均较T0时升高（P〈0．01,P〈0．05）,但乌司他丁组的升高幅度明显低于对照组（P〈0．01,P〈0．05）;两组T1、T2、T3、T4、T5时的TNF-α浓度均较T0时升高（P〈0．01,P〈0．05）,但乌司他丁组T3、T4、T5时的TNF-α浓度明显低于对照组（P〈0．01,P〈0．05）;两组T3、T4、T5时的MDA浓度均较T0时升高（P〈0．01,P〈0．05）,但乌司他丁组的升高幅度明显低于对照组（P〈0．01,P〈0．05）。对照组T3、T4、T5时的SOD活性均较T0时下降（P〈0．01）;乌司他丁组仅T3时的SOD活性低于T0时（P〈0．05）,而T3、T4、T5时的SOD活性明显高于对照组（P〈0．05）。结论乌司他丁可减轻肝移植所致的炎症反应,减少氧自由基的产生,从而减轻ALI。