Factors which affect shivering in man during cold water immersion

Six subjects were immersed in cold water (15.15±0.42°C) and were asked to perform two tasks. Shivering elicited by the cold water immersion was attenuated and/or abolished by the mental arithmetic task and in some instances by a voluntary isometric contraction of forearm muscles. Some reasons for these results are discussed.     

生理性海水喷雾洗鼻液治疗轻度间歇性变应性鼻炎患儿的疗效

目的观察生理性海水喷雾洗鼻液对儿童轻度间歇性变应性鼻炎(AR)的临床疗效及安全性。方法设计调查问卷,将上海4家医院哮喘及呼吸门诊符合轻度间歇性AR诊断标准的5～12岁患儿纳入研究,随机分为4个研究组,根据治疗方案设计分为生理性海水喷雾洗鼻液组(试验组)、氯雷他定组、联合治疗(生理性海水喷雾洗鼻液+氯雷他定)组及空白对照组,根据AR相关症状及体征评分标准对纳入研究的患儿随访4周,观察其临床疗效。结果共255例患儿完成本项研究,4组患儿入组前AR症状及体征评分差异均无统计学意义(Pa>0.05)。在改善AR症状评分方面,试验组、氯雷他定组分别于第2周、第3周起AR症状评分有明显改善(Pa<0.05),且试验组优于氯雷他定组。联合治疗组药后1周,AR症状评分与其他组比较差异均有统计学意义。在改善AR体征方面,治疗第4周,试验组、氯雷他定组与空白对照组比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),且试验组优于氯雷他定组。联合治疗组与其他组比较,在治疗第2周体征评分即有改善。本试验未出现试验药物导致的不良反应。结论生理性海水喷雾洗鼻液辅助治疗轻度间歇性AR可以有效地改善患儿鼻部症状及体征,与抗组胺药物联合使用效果更明显。     

肾上腺素对低温海水浸泡失血性休克大鼠血压的影响

目的:探讨肾上腺素对低温海水浸泡失血性休克大鼠平均动脉压和心率的影响及其机制。方法:成年雄性SD大鼠28只随机分为4组:正常组(N组,常温未作任何处理),肾上腺素组(E组,常温下失血性休克后注射肾上腺素),低温海水浸泡失血性休克+生理盐水组(DSN组),低温海水浸泡失血性休克+肾上腺素组(DSE组),每组7只,检测平均动脉压(MAP)和心率(HR)。结果:注射肾上腺素后,DSE组MAP前、中期高于正常组,末期迅速下降并低于正常组,但高于注射药物前的血压。E组血压发生了双向性变化。结论:低温海水浸泡失血性休克大鼠注射肾上腺素未能引起血压的双向性变化。     

不同海水浸泡时间对左氧氟沙星在腹部开放伤比格犬体内的药动学影响

目的建立腹部开放性创伤合并海水浸泡比格犬动物模型,研究左氧氟沙星（LVFX）在腹部开放性损伤合并海水浸泡比格犬与正常比格犬中的药动学变化。方法 12只比格犬随机分为3组,每组4只。A组为正常对照组,B组为腹部开放性创伤合并海水浸泡45 min组,C组为腹部开放性创伤合并海水浸泡90 min组。3组动物给药方案为：静脉输注LVFX25 mg/kg,60 min输注完毕。实验进程中监测实验动物体温。采用HPLC测定LVFX浓度;3P97计算药动学参数。结果腹部开放性创伤合并海水浸泡比格犬在浸泡过程中和出水后体温显著下降,且随浸泡时间增加而下降幅度增加。LVFX在比格犬体内呈二室模型,A、B和C组药动学参数分别为：Cmax（30.05±1.75）、（36.10±4.74）和（42.34±4.19）mg/L,t1/2β（8.23±0.65）、（11.02±0.54）和（13.19±3.87）h,AUC（247.00±14.10）、（345.22±56.68）和（417.79±83.32）mgoh/L,Vc（6.97±2.02）、（6.68±1.67）和（7.82±1.62）L,ClS（1.20±0.15）、（1.06±0.12）和（0.92±0.15）L/h。与A组比较,B组t1/2β和AUC显著增加（P〈0.05）;C组t1/2β、Cmax和AUC（t1/2β,P〈0.01;Cmax,AUC,P〈0.05）显著增加。与B组比较,C组t1/2β（P〈0.05）差异明显。结论腹部开放性创伤合并海水浸泡比格犬体内LVFX代谢消除随浸泡时间延长而明显减慢,其机制可能与浸泡导致的低体温状况有关。     

海水浸泡与低温对腹部开放伤大鼠血清VEGF含量的影响

目的研究海水浸泡与低温对腹部开放伤大鼠血清中血管内皮生长因子（VEGF）含量的影响。方法将sD大鼠随机分为腹部开放伤合并常温生理盐水浸泡组（对照组）、腹部开放伤合并低温生理盐水浸泡组（低温组）、腹部开放伤合并常温海水浸泡组（常温海水组）和腹部开放伤合并低温海水浸泡组（低温海水组）,各组浸泡1h后,分别检测实验大鼠血清中VEGF含量。结果海水浸泡、低温及其两者的交互作用对大鼠血清VEGF含量的影响均有统计学意义（P〈0．05或P〈0．01）。结论海水浸泡可引起大鼠血清VEGF含量升高,低温不能独立促使血清VEGF含量升高,但是可以加重海水浸泡引起的血清VEGF含量升高。     

蒙药胃舒安对束缚-水浸应激致胃溃疡的预防作用及对TGF-β1表达的影响

[目的]评价蒙药胃舒安对束缚-水浸应激所致大鼠胃溃疡的预防作用。[方法]将Wistar实验大鼠,分正常组、给药组和对照组3组,正常组不给药,无束缚-水浸应激压力,对照组给淀粉,给药组灌胃给蒙药胃舒安,给药剂量为0．9～1．3mL／只（82．5g／L）,连续给胃舒安7d后,停食24h,建立3h束缚-水浸应激性胃溃疡模型,取胃,肉眼观察胃黏膜损伤,用Image J图像分析法测定胃黏膜溃疡面积,并进行比较。用酶联免疫吸附测定法检测胃溃疡大鼠血清转化生长因子（TGF-β1）含量并进行比较。[结果]蒙药胃舒安对3h束缚-水浸应激所致大鼠胃溃疡形成有抑制作用。胃舒安组大鼠血清TGF-β1含量明显低于对照组。[结论]蒙药胃舒安对实验大鼠束缚-水浸应激3h所致胃溃疡的形成有显著抑制作用。     

Symptomatic Lower Urinary Tract Infection Induced by Cooling of the Feet: A Controlled Experimental Trial

We conducted an open, non-randomized experimental study as a first step to find out whether cooling of the feet may cause symptomatic lower urinary tract infection (UTI) in cystitis-prone women. Twenty-nine healthy women, aged 19–68 (mean 42.5) years, who had had three or more symptomatic episodes of UTI during the previous 12 months were included. They registered symptoms and carried out a strip urinalysis at each urination during a control period of 72 hours. Their lower legs and feet were then immersed in increasingly cold water for 30 minutes. Another 72-hour period of registration followed. Six subjects developed acute distal urinary symptoms at a mean of 55 (95% confidence interval 50 to 61) hours after the cooling, compared with none in the control period. Five of the six had bacteriologically verified lower UTI (P = 0.03 v. the control period). Cooling of the feet seems to provoke symptomatic lower UTI in cystitis-prone women.     

兔肢体火器伤海水浸泡后伤道周围骨骼肌组织能量代谢变化特点

目的　观察兔肢体火器伤合并海水浸泡时伤道周围骨骼肌组织能量代谢变化特点,为其治疗提供确实可靠 的理论依据。方法　以高速钢珠射击兔后肢,速度为600～800m s,伤后将实验兔随机分为海水浸泡组和单致伤组。将浸 泡组兔浸泡于人工配制的海水中30min,于伤前及伤后3、6、12、24h分别切取距伤道壁0.5cm(挫伤区,A区)、1.5cm(振荡 区,B区)处组织,测定Na - K -ATP酶活性和ATP含量,以及观察超微结构。结果　海水浸泡组各区骨骼肌组织Na - K - ATP酶活性、ATP含量均呈伤后3h较伤前明显下降的趋势(P<0.01),6～12h回升,24h再次呈下降的趋势,这与病理观 察发现的挫伤区和振荡区肌组织的线粒体形态结构的动态变化时相是一致的。结论　肢体火器伤合并海水浸泡,伤后6 ～12h骨骼肌组织能量代谢有一代偿过程,为外科清创的最佳时机。     

Effect of hydrotherapy on the signs and symptoms of delayed onset muscle soreness

This study independently examined the effects of three hydrotherapy interventions on the physiological and functional symptoms of delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS). Strength trained males (n = 38) completed two experimental trials separated by 8 months in a randomised crossover design; one trial involved passive recovery (PAS, control), the other a specific hydrotherapy protocol for 72 h post-exercise; either: (1) cold water immersion (CWI: n = 12), (2) hot water immersion (HWI: n = 11) or (3) contrast water therapy (CWT: n = 15). For each trial, subjects performed a DOMS-inducing leg press protocol followed by PAS or one of the hydrotherapy interventions for 14 min. Weighted squat jump, isometric squat, perceived pain, thigh girths and blood variables were measured prior to, immediately after, and at 24, 48 and 72 h post-exercise. Squat jump performance and isometric force recovery were significantly enhanced (P < 0.05) at 24, 48 and 72 h post-exercise following CWT and at 48 and 72 h post-exercise following CWI when compared to PAS. Isometric force recovery was also greater (P < 0.05) at 24, 48, and 72 h post-exercise following HWI when compared to PAS. Perceived pain improved (P < 0.01) following CWT at 24, 48 and 72 h post-exercise. Overall, CWI and CWT were found to be effective in reducing the physiological and functional deficits associated with DOMS, including improved recovery of isometric force and dynamic power and a reduction in localised oedema. While HWI was effective in the recovery of isometric force, it was ineffective for recovery of all other markers compared to PAS. An erratum to this article can be found at     

船舶反渗透海水淡化水的水质检测及卫生学分析

目的:分析船舶反渗透海水淡化水的水质,从卫生学探讨船舶反渗透淡化水作为饮用水长期饮用对船员健康的可能影响。方法:水质分析按照《生活饮用水标准检验方法》(GB/T5750-2006)进行,并比较船舶反渗透海水淡化水、港口直供水、舱贮饮用水的水质差异。结果:船舶反渗透海水淡化水中氟化物<0.01 mg/L,总硬度<1 mg/L,显著低于港口直供水和舱贮饮用水;同时硼为1.03 mg/L,超过《生活饮用水卫生标准》(GB5749-2006)限值的两倍。结论:从卫生学分析,长期饮用船舶反渗透海水淡化水对船员的健康可能有影响,建议适度增加船舶反渗透海水淡化水中氟、钙、镁等营养元素水平,同时进一步脱除硼,从而更好地保护船员的身心健康。